Smoking is a result of complications of diabetes, with the eyes, kidney and vascular diseases related to an important factor. Unless there are smoking habits, or simply because of vascular obstruction and should be used for the foot amputation is very rare. Although it may not be easy to quit smoking, but in order to prevent the complications of diabetes, you may not be a better choice.
Smoking on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients the effects of
The results showed that smoking will increase the blood sugar level, so that even worse control of diabetes. Causes is likely to be a by-product of nicotine and other smoking affected the normal functioning of insulin. It will also increase the original high blood glucose levels.
Smoking on the heart of the impact of diabetes
If you are smoking and diabetes, then you will have the possibility of a higher incidence of heart disease, while deaths due to coronary artery disease more than three times the chance.
Low blood sugar levels under control will cause vasoconstriction. Smoking causes blood cells and blood vessel wall together more viscous, so that faster fat attached to the vessel wall blocking the pipeline, followed by causing heart disease and stroke. Nicotine in tobacco will increase the heart rate, breathing carbon monoxide will reduce the blood's oxygen. This means that your heart operation needs to be enhanced.
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar........
Fructosamine is a plasma protein non-enzymatic glycation in glucose developed in the course of a substance, as the plasma protein half-life of 17 days, it reflects Fructosamine 1-3 weeks of blood glucose levels.
Fructosamine is a plasma protein and glucose non-enzymatic glycation process of the formation of polymer Olamine Fructosamine similar material, and its concentration and blood glucose levels were positively correlated, and relatively stable. It is not subject to the determination of the impact of blood glucose. As the plasma protein half-life of 17 to 20 days, it can be reflected Fructosamine diabetes testing before 1 ~ 3 weeks, the average blood glucose levels. From a certain extent, made up for glycated hemoglobin not reflect changes in a relatively short period, the shortage of blood glucose concentration. Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap (chemical method), is the evaluation of diabetes control, a good indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood glucose level of practical significance. However, not every time consuming fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Serum fructosamine normal for 1.64 ~ 2.64mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood sugar level more practical significance. However, each time by eating fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Normal serum fructosamine to 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Fructosamine is a plasma protein and glucose non-enzymatic glycation process of the formation of polymer Olamine Fructosamine similar material, and its concentration and blood glucose levels were positively correlated, and relatively stable. It is not subject to the determination of the impact of blood glucose. As the plasma protein half-life of 17 to 20 days, it can be reflected Fructosamine diabetes testing before 1 ~ 3 weeks, the average blood glucose levels. From a certain extent, made up for glycated hemoglobin not reflect changes in a relatively short period, the shortage of blood glucose concentration. Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap (chemical method), is the evaluation of diabetes control, a good indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood glucose level of practical significance. However, not every time consuming fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Serum fructosamine normal for 1.64 ~ 2.64mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood sugar level more practical significance. However, each time by eating fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Normal serum fructosamine to 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Ketone body fat as a result of the human body resulting from a large number of decomposition, the urine excreted by the body in a short period of.....
Ketone body fat as a result of the human body resulting from a large number of decomposition, the urine excreted by the body in a short period of time if a large amount of ketone and accumulation in the body will lead to metabolic acidosis, severe cases will be life-threatening, so regular monitoring of ketones, when necessary, very important. There is no good way to measure blood ketone body concentration, and now are generally measured in urine ketone body to reflect whether or not an excessive number of ketones. Therefore, in addition to monitoring urine sugar, but also can monitor ketones. Some urine dipstick urine sugar at the same time monitoring and尿酮body.尿酮body with the urine dipstick use the same methods.
Only through the urine ketone monitoring
Can not be detected through blood ketone
Ketones will appear in two situations:
Diabetics when a serious lack of insulin.
In the case of human hunger.
Diabetic distinction of ketone ketone and hunger
尿酮body when a person appears positive, in addition to distinguish between the adoption of a history, but also through a simple blood sugar and urine sugar to distinguish generally caused solely by hunger ketone positive often do not increase blood sugar and urine sugar. And diabetic ketone is accompanied by significantly elevated blood sugar and urine sugar. Diabetic ketone in medicine, also known as diabetic ketosis.
Only through the urine ketone monitoring
Can not be detected through blood ketone
Ketones will appear in two situations:
Diabetics when a serious lack of insulin.
In the case of human hunger.
Diabetic distinction of ketone ketone and hunger
尿酮body when a person appears positive, in addition to distinguish between the adoption of a history, but also through a simple blood sugar and urine sugar to distinguish generally caused solely by hunger ketone positive often do not increase blood sugar and urine sugar. And diabetic ketone is accompanied by significantly elevated blood sugar and urine sugar. Diabetic ketone in medicine, also known as diabetic ketosis.
Determination of β-cell function test was used to observe the function of pancreatic β-cell conditions, to help determine the types of diabetes. .....
Determination of β-cell function test was used to observe the function of pancreatic β-cell conditions, to help determine the types of diabetes. Usually include:
(1) insulin release test: 75 grams of oral glucose or steamed 22, Determination of fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels. Normal fasting insulin value of 5 ~ 15μlU/ml, OGTT after 1 hour and up to fasting 5 ~ 10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes patients with a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; patients with type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more delays in the 2 ~ 3 hours appear. Advanced type 2 diabetes patients, as a result of pancreatic β-cell failure is already in a state, test results may be similar to type 1 diabetes, insulin determination at this time alone to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes are no longer justified.
(2) C-peptide release test: C-peptide is endogenous insulin at the time of the last generation, such as molecular dissociation product of normal fasting plasma C-peptide value of 0.8 ~ 4.0μg / L. 1 ~ 2 hours postprandial increase of 4 ~ 5 times, 3 hours after the basic level of return to fasting. The significance of this test and insulin release test the same. The advantage that determination of serum C-peptide could be excluded from the interference of exogenous insulin, and can more accurately reflect its own insulin secretion function.
(1) insulin release test: 75 grams of oral glucose or steamed 22, Determination of fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels. Normal fasting insulin value of 5 ~ 15μlU/ml, OGTT after 1 hour and up to fasting 5 ~ 10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes patients with a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; patients with type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more delays in the 2 ~ 3 hours appear. Advanced type 2 diabetes patients, as a result of pancreatic β-cell failure is already in a state, test results may be similar to type 1 diabetes, insulin determination at this time alone to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes are no longer justified.
(2) C-peptide release test: C-peptide is endogenous insulin at the time of the last generation, such as molecular dissociation product of normal fasting plasma C-peptide value of 0.8 ~ 4.0μg / L. 1 ~ 2 hours postprandial increase of 4 ~ 5 times, 3 hours after the basic level of return to fasting. The significance of this test and insulin release test the same. The advantage that determination of serum C-peptide could be excluded from the interference of exogenous insulin, and can more accurately reflect its own insulin secretion function.
Diabetes patients regularly checked urine protein is also very necessary as long-term diabetes can cause kidney damage, and urinary protein found ....
Diabetes patients regularly checked urine protein is also very necessary as long-term diabetes can cause kidney damage, and urinary protein found in kidney damage inspection is the main means of urinary protein to check the most common method is through routine urine examination, if the urine protein positive (popular to say that urine protein has several "+" sign), said that diabetes patients have obvious kidney damage. Another method of examination for the 24-hour or 12-hour urinary albumin examination, the need for patients to retain a 24-hour urine, and then measured the concentration of albumin, if> 25ug/min was abnormal, it was found early kidney damage . In other words, in early diabetic nephropathy, routine examination of urinary protein can be negative, but have begun to microalbuminuria increased.
Two urine protein test
Conventional urine protein checks: that there has been noticeable positive kidney
Microalbuminuria 24 hours check-up: increased expressed early nephropathy
For patients without kidney disease should be at least 24 hours once a year urinary albumin, so early detection of diabetic nephropathy; for kidney patients have should be in accordance with the instructions of the doctor regularly to the hospital to check the 24-hour urinary albumin or conventional urine protein, to observe the development of diabetic nephropathy.
24-hour urine specimen collection:带盖ready for a clean large container, the morning of a single moment in time (such as 6:00 points) voiding time, dispose of the urine, from this moment 24 hours after the discharge of urine have to be collected in containers, the following morning at 6:00 voiding time, the discharge of urine to stay in the container. The container of urine mixing, dosage Cup basing revenue plans on spending the total amount of urine, and then take a small sample into the vial in the dry cleaner to the hospital detection. Attention to the collection of urine containers should be provided in advance Add Hospital preservatives.
Two urine protein test
Conventional urine protein checks: that there has been noticeable positive kidney
Microalbuminuria 24 hours check-up: increased expressed early nephropathy
For patients without kidney disease should be at least 24 hours once a year urinary albumin, so early detection of diabetic nephropathy; for kidney patients have should be in accordance with the instructions of the doctor regularly to the hospital to check the 24-hour urinary albumin or conventional urine protein, to observe the development of diabetic nephropathy.
24-hour urine specimen collection:带盖ready for a clean large container, the morning of a single moment in time (such as 6:00 points) voiding time, dispose of the urine, from this moment 24 hours after the discharge of urine have to be collected in containers, the following morning at 6:00 voiding time, the discharge of urine to stay in the container. The container of urine mixing, dosage Cup basing revenue plans on spending the total amount of urine, and then take a small sample into the vial in the dry cleaner to the hospital detection. Attention to the collection of urine containers should be provided in advance Add Hospital preservatives.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours ........
Urine (U-GLU): When the blood glucose concentration increased to a certain degree, the tubular urine can not be all back to the absorption of glucose, urine sugar increased positive clinical use "+" sign indicates. Under normal circumstances, urine can reflect the blood sugar, but sugar is also affected by many other factors, sometimes not entirely consistent with the blood sugar.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / promoted diabetes; fasting blood glucose in the 6.1 - 7 cents Mount / upgraded to impaired fasting glucose (IFG); postprandial blood glucose in 2 hours Moreton 7.8-11.1 cents / upgraded to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG and IGT is a profession in normal and diabetic middle transitional phase, which is a high risk of diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): normal for the first hour OGTT glucose Mo 6.7-9.4 cents / L, the second-hour blood glucose ≤ 7.8 cents Mount / L, the third an hour later returned to normal, the second urine were negative. Diabetes, the fasting blood glucose is higher than normal, and two hours after OGTT glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / liter.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine (GSP): GHb can reflect the blood 2-3 months ago the average blood glucose level, the normal value of 4% -6%. GSP reflect only two weeks before the blood glucose control the overall situation, its normal for Moldova 1.5-2.4 cents / liter.
Determination of β-cell function test: usually include:
1, insulin release test: fasting insulin and normal value of 5-15μIU / ml, 1 hours after OGTT fasting up to 5-10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes were a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more than 2-3 hours delay appear.
2, C-peptide release test: C peptide and endogenous insulin in direct proportion to the relationship between the amount generated, the significance of this test and insulin release test of the same.
Urinary albumin (MALB): early diabetic nephropathy, the general tests of urinary protein often negative, often overlooked in question appeared in urine protein or other abnormalities, kidney disease mutation can not be reversed. Such as urine mALB more than 30 mg / 24 hours, or 20 micrograms / min, then prompted early kidney damage.
Blood, body尿酮examination:
尿酮body checks only as a result of poor accuracy of screening tests. Reliable test is the determination of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid content, more than 0.5 cents Mount / L, suggesting that diabetic ketoacidosis.
Immunological tests: including glutamic acid from hydroxyl antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibody (I-CA) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and so on, mainly used in the sub-type of diabetes. Normal and type 2 diabetes who measured the three antibodies were negative, and I were mostly positive for diabetes mellitus. Which, GADA most valuable.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / promoted diabetes; fasting blood glucose in the 6.1 - 7 cents Mount / upgraded to impaired fasting glucose (IFG); postprandial blood glucose in 2 hours Moreton 7.8-11.1 cents / upgraded to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG and IGT is a profession in normal and diabetic middle transitional phase, which is a high risk of diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): normal for the first hour OGTT glucose Mo 6.7-9.4 cents / L, the second-hour blood glucose ≤ 7.8 cents Mount / L, the third an hour later returned to normal, the second urine were negative. Diabetes, the fasting blood glucose is higher than normal, and two hours after OGTT glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / liter.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine (GSP): GHb can reflect the blood 2-3 months ago the average blood glucose level, the normal value of 4% -6%. GSP reflect only two weeks before the blood glucose control the overall situation, its normal for Moldova 1.5-2.4 cents / liter.
Determination of β-cell function test: usually include:
1, insulin release test: fasting insulin and normal value of 5-15μIU / ml, 1 hours after OGTT fasting up to 5-10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes were a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more than 2-3 hours delay appear.
2, C-peptide release test: C peptide and endogenous insulin in direct proportion to the relationship between the amount generated, the significance of this test and insulin release test of the same.
Urinary albumin (MALB): early diabetic nephropathy, the general tests of urinary protein often negative, often overlooked in question appeared in urine protein or other abnormalities, kidney disease mutation can not be reversed. Such as urine mALB more than 30 mg / 24 hours, or 20 micrograms / min, then prompted early kidney damage.
Blood, body尿酮examination:
尿酮body checks only as a result of poor accuracy of screening tests. Reliable test is the determination of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid content, more than 0.5 cents Mount / L, suggesting that diabetic ketoacidosis.
Immunological tests: including glutamic acid from hydroxyl antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibody (I-CA) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and so on, mainly used in the sub-type of diabetes. Normal and type 2 diabetes who measured the three antibodies were negative, and I were mostly positive for diabetes mellitus. Which, GADA most valuable.
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances......
We know that diabetes is due to human insulin, absolute or relative lack caused.病友们perhaps you would like to know that they can produce in the end how much insulin, it is absolutely a lack of insulin or a relative lack of insulin. Through the blood insulin or C-peptide inspection checks will be able to understand.
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances should be fasting insulin level of 10 ~ 25mU/dL, and postprandial fasting level should be higher than 4 ~ 5 times. If patients significantly lower levels of insulin, known as the absolute lack of respect, such as: type 1 diabetes; if not significantly reduced, while still high blood sugar, known as the relative lack. Relative lack of insulin diabetes occur because of insulin play a role in the link failure, which is commonly found in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
C-peptide Inspection: When the patients in an external insulin therapy, if still checking blood insulin levels to assess the body's ability to produce insulin, obviously subject to the effects of insulin injections, resulting in inaccurate. At this time to check through the C-peptide can accurately reflect the body's own capacity to produce insulin, and free from the effects of insulin. Determination of the same and insulin, but also fasting and postprandial blood pumping, under normal circumstances is more than fasting postprandial high 4 to 5 times.
Insulin Determination: Evaluation of insulin therapy in patients that have not yet used the islet function
C Peptide: Evaluation of insulin therapy patients have already spent the islet function
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances should be fasting insulin level of 10 ~ 25mU/dL, and postprandial fasting level should be higher than 4 ~ 5 times. If patients significantly lower levels of insulin, known as the absolute lack of respect, such as: type 1 diabetes; if not significantly reduced, while still high blood sugar, known as the relative lack. Relative lack of insulin diabetes occur because of insulin play a role in the link failure, which is commonly found in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
C-peptide Inspection: When the patients in an external insulin therapy, if still checking blood insulin levels to assess the body's ability to produce insulin, obviously subject to the effects of insulin injections, resulting in inaccurate. At this time to check through the C-peptide can accurately reflect the body's own capacity to produce insulin, and free from the effects of insulin. Determination of the same and insulin, but also fasting and postprandial blood pumping, under normal circumstances is more than fasting postprandial high 4 to 5 times.
Insulin Determination: Evaluation of insulin therapy in patients that have not yet used the islet function
C Peptide: Evaluation of insulin therapy patients have already spent the islet function
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