Smoking is a result of complications of diabetes, with the eyes, kidney and vascular diseases related to an important factor. Unless there are smoking habits, or simply because of vascular obstruction and should be used for the foot amputation is very rare. Although it may not be easy to quit smoking, but in order to prevent the complications of diabetes, you may not be a better choice.
Smoking on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients the effects of
The results showed that smoking will increase the blood sugar level, so that even worse control of diabetes. Causes is likely to be a by-product of nicotine and other smoking affected the normal functioning of insulin. It will also increase the original high blood glucose levels.
Smoking on the heart of the impact of diabetes
If you are smoking and diabetes, then you will have the possibility of a higher incidence of heart disease, while deaths due to coronary artery disease more than three times the chance.
Low blood sugar levels under control will cause vasoconstriction. Smoking causes blood cells and blood vessel wall together more viscous, so that faster fat attached to the vessel wall blocking the pipeline, followed by causing heart disease and stroke. Nicotine in tobacco will increase the heart rate, breathing carbon monoxide will reduce the blood's oxygen. This means that your heart operation needs to be enhanced.
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar........
Fructosamine is a plasma protein non-enzymatic glycation in glucose developed in the course of a substance, as the plasma protein half-life of 17 days, it reflects Fructosamine 1-3 weeks of blood glucose levels.
Fructosamine is a plasma protein and glucose non-enzymatic glycation process of the formation of polymer Olamine Fructosamine similar material, and its concentration and blood glucose levels were positively correlated, and relatively stable. It is not subject to the determination of the impact of blood glucose. As the plasma protein half-life of 17 to 20 days, it can be reflected Fructosamine diabetes testing before 1 ~ 3 weeks, the average blood glucose levels. From a certain extent, made up for glycated hemoglobin not reflect changes in a relatively short period, the shortage of blood glucose concentration. Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap (chemical method), is the evaluation of diabetes control, a good indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood glucose level of practical significance. However, not every time consuming fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Serum fructosamine normal for 1.64 ~ 2.64mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood sugar level more practical significance. However, each time by eating fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Normal serum fructosamine to 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Fructosamine is a plasma protein and glucose non-enzymatic glycation process of the formation of polymer Olamine Fructosamine similar material, and its concentration and blood glucose levels were positively correlated, and relatively stable. It is not subject to the determination of the impact of blood glucose. As the plasma protein half-life of 17 to 20 days, it can be reflected Fructosamine diabetes testing before 1 ~ 3 weeks, the average blood glucose levels. From a certain extent, made up for glycated hemoglobin not reflect changes in a relatively short period, the shortage of blood glucose concentration. Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap (chemical method), is the evaluation of diabetes control, a good indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood glucose level of practical significance. However, not every time consuming fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Serum fructosamine normal for 1.64 ~ 2.64mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Determination of fructosamine fast and cheap, is to evaluate diabetes control an indicator of the situation, especially for the volatile sugar brittle diabetes and gestational diabetes, understanding their average blood sugar level more practical significance. However, each time by eating fructosamine effects, therefore, can not be used for the direct guidance of daily insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents usage. Normal serum fructosamine to 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L, plasma serum fructosamine lower than 0.3mmol / L.
Ketone body fat as a result of the human body resulting from a large number of decomposition, the urine excreted by the body in a short period of.....
Ketone body fat as a result of the human body resulting from a large number of decomposition, the urine excreted by the body in a short period of time if a large amount of ketone and accumulation in the body will lead to metabolic acidosis, severe cases will be life-threatening, so regular monitoring of ketones, when necessary, very important. There is no good way to measure blood ketone body concentration, and now are generally measured in urine ketone body to reflect whether or not an excessive number of ketones. Therefore, in addition to monitoring urine sugar, but also can monitor ketones. Some urine dipstick urine sugar at the same time monitoring and尿酮body.尿酮body with the urine dipstick use the same methods.
Only through the urine ketone monitoring
Can not be detected through blood ketone
Ketones will appear in two situations:
Diabetics when a serious lack of insulin.
In the case of human hunger.
Diabetic distinction of ketone ketone and hunger
尿酮body when a person appears positive, in addition to distinguish between the adoption of a history, but also through a simple blood sugar and urine sugar to distinguish generally caused solely by hunger ketone positive often do not increase blood sugar and urine sugar. And diabetic ketone is accompanied by significantly elevated blood sugar and urine sugar. Diabetic ketone in medicine, also known as diabetic ketosis.
Only through the urine ketone monitoring
Can not be detected through blood ketone
Ketones will appear in two situations:
Diabetics when a serious lack of insulin.
In the case of human hunger.
Diabetic distinction of ketone ketone and hunger
尿酮body when a person appears positive, in addition to distinguish between the adoption of a history, but also through a simple blood sugar and urine sugar to distinguish generally caused solely by hunger ketone positive often do not increase blood sugar and urine sugar. And diabetic ketone is accompanied by significantly elevated blood sugar and urine sugar. Diabetic ketone in medicine, also known as diabetic ketosis.
Determination of β-cell function test was used to observe the function of pancreatic β-cell conditions, to help determine the types of diabetes. .....
Determination of β-cell function test was used to observe the function of pancreatic β-cell conditions, to help determine the types of diabetes. Usually include:
(1) insulin release test: 75 grams of oral glucose or steamed 22, Determination of fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels. Normal fasting insulin value of 5 ~ 15μlU/ml, OGTT after 1 hour and up to fasting 5 ~ 10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes patients with a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; patients with type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more delays in the 2 ~ 3 hours appear. Advanced type 2 diabetes patients, as a result of pancreatic β-cell failure is already in a state, test results may be similar to type 1 diabetes, insulin determination at this time alone to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes are no longer justified.
(2) C-peptide release test: C-peptide is endogenous insulin at the time of the last generation, such as molecular dissociation product of normal fasting plasma C-peptide value of 0.8 ~ 4.0μg / L. 1 ~ 2 hours postprandial increase of 4 ~ 5 times, 3 hours after the basic level of return to fasting. The significance of this test and insulin release test the same. The advantage that determination of serum C-peptide could be excluded from the interference of exogenous insulin, and can more accurately reflect its own insulin secretion function.
(1) insulin release test: 75 grams of oral glucose or steamed 22, Determination of fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels. Normal fasting insulin value of 5 ~ 15μlU/ml, OGTT after 1 hour and up to fasting 5 ~ 10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes patients with a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; patients with type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more delays in the 2 ~ 3 hours appear. Advanced type 2 diabetes patients, as a result of pancreatic β-cell failure is already in a state, test results may be similar to type 1 diabetes, insulin determination at this time alone to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes are no longer justified.
(2) C-peptide release test: C-peptide is endogenous insulin at the time of the last generation, such as molecular dissociation product of normal fasting plasma C-peptide value of 0.8 ~ 4.0μg / L. 1 ~ 2 hours postprandial increase of 4 ~ 5 times, 3 hours after the basic level of return to fasting. The significance of this test and insulin release test the same. The advantage that determination of serum C-peptide could be excluded from the interference of exogenous insulin, and can more accurately reflect its own insulin secretion function.
Diabetes patients regularly checked urine protein is also very necessary as long-term diabetes can cause kidney damage, and urinary protein found ....
Diabetes patients regularly checked urine protein is also very necessary as long-term diabetes can cause kidney damage, and urinary protein found in kidney damage inspection is the main means of urinary protein to check the most common method is through routine urine examination, if the urine protein positive (popular to say that urine protein has several "+" sign), said that diabetes patients have obvious kidney damage. Another method of examination for the 24-hour or 12-hour urinary albumin examination, the need for patients to retain a 24-hour urine, and then measured the concentration of albumin, if> 25ug/min was abnormal, it was found early kidney damage . In other words, in early diabetic nephropathy, routine examination of urinary protein can be negative, but have begun to microalbuminuria increased.
Two urine protein test
Conventional urine protein checks: that there has been noticeable positive kidney
Microalbuminuria 24 hours check-up: increased expressed early nephropathy
For patients without kidney disease should be at least 24 hours once a year urinary albumin, so early detection of diabetic nephropathy; for kidney patients have should be in accordance with the instructions of the doctor regularly to the hospital to check the 24-hour urinary albumin or conventional urine protein, to observe the development of diabetic nephropathy.
24-hour urine specimen collection:带盖ready for a clean large container, the morning of a single moment in time (such as 6:00 points) voiding time, dispose of the urine, from this moment 24 hours after the discharge of urine have to be collected in containers, the following morning at 6:00 voiding time, the discharge of urine to stay in the container. The container of urine mixing, dosage Cup basing revenue plans on spending the total amount of urine, and then take a small sample into the vial in the dry cleaner to the hospital detection. Attention to the collection of urine containers should be provided in advance Add Hospital preservatives.
Two urine protein test
Conventional urine protein checks: that there has been noticeable positive kidney
Microalbuminuria 24 hours check-up: increased expressed early nephropathy
For patients without kidney disease should be at least 24 hours once a year urinary albumin, so early detection of diabetic nephropathy; for kidney patients have should be in accordance with the instructions of the doctor regularly to the hospital to check the 24-hour urinary albumin or conventional urine protein, to observe the development of diabetic nephropathy.
24-hour urine specimen collection:带盖ready for a clean large container, the morning of a single moment in time (such as 6:00 points) voiding time, dispose of the urine, from this moment 24 hours after the discharge of urine have to be collected in containers, the following morning at 6:00 voiding time, the discharge of urine to stay in the container. The container of urine mixing, dosage Cup basing revenue plans on spending the total amount of urine, and then take a small sample into the vial in the dry cleaner to the hospital detection. Attention to the collection of urine containers should be provided in advance Add Hospital preservatives.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours ........
Urine (U-GLU): When the blood glucose concentration increased to a certain degree, the tubular urine can not be all back to the absorption of glucose, urine sugar increased positive clinical use "+" sign indicates. Under normal circumstances, urine can reflect the blood sugar, but sugar is also affected by many other factors, sometimes not entirely consistent with the blood sugar.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / promoted diabetes; fasting blood glucose in the 6.1 - 7 cents Mount / upgraded to impaired fasting glucose (IFG); postprandial blood glucose in 2 hours Moreton 7.8-11.1 cents / upgraded to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG and IGT is a profession in normal and diabetic middle transitional phase, which is a high risk of diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): normal for the first hour OGTT glucose Mo 6.7-9.4 cents / L, the second-hour blood glucose ≤ 7.8 cents Mount / L, the third an hour later returned to normal, the second urine were negative. Diabetes, the fasting blood glucose is higher than normal, and two hours after OGTT glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / liter.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine (GSP): GHb can reflect the blood 2-3 months ago the average blood glucose level, the normal value of 4% -6%. GSP reflect only two weeks before the blood glucose control the overall situation, its normal for Moldova 1.5-2.4 cents / liter.
Determination of β-cell function test: usually include:
1, insulin release test: fasting insulin and normal value of 5-15μIU / ml, 1 hours after OGTT fasting up to 5-10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes were a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more than 2-3 hours delay appear.
2, C-peptide release test: C peptide and endogenous insulin in direct proportion to the relationship between the amount generated, the significance of this test and insulin release test of the same.
Urinary albumin (MALB): early diabetic nephropathy, the general tests of urinary protein often negative, often overlooked in question appeared in urine protein or other abnormalities, kidney disease mutation can not be reversed. Such as urine mALB more than 30 mg / 24 hours, or 20 micrograms / min, then prompted early kidney damage.
Blood, body尿酮examination:
尿酮body checks only as a result of poor accuracy of screening tests. Reliable test is the determination of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid content, more than 0.5 cents Mount / L, suggesting that diabetic ketoacidosis.
Immunological tests: including glutamic acid from hydroxyl antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibody (I-CA) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and so on, mainly used in the sub-type of diabetes. Normal and type 2 diabetes who measured the three antibodies were negative, and I were mostly positive for diabetes mellitus. Which, GADA most valuable.
Blood glucose (GLU): fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of normal for Moldova 3.9-6.1 cents / liter; fasting glucose ≥ 7 cents Mount / L or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / promoted diabetes; fasting blood glucose in the 6.1 - 7 cents Mount / upgraded to impaired fasting glucose (IFG); postprandial blood glucose in 2 hours Moreton 7.8-11.1 cents / upgraded to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG and IGT is a profession in normal and diabetic middle transitional phase, which is a high risk of diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): normal for the first hour OGTT glucose Mo 6.7-9.4 cents / L, the second-hour blood glucose ≤ 7.8 cents Mount / L, the third an hour later returned to normal, the second urine were negative. Diabetes, the fasting blood glucose is higher than normal, and two hours after OGTT glucose ≥ 11.1 cents Mount / liter.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine (GSP): GHb can reflect the blood 2-3 months ago the average blood glucose level, the normal value of 4% -6%. GSP reflect only two weeks before the blood glucose control the overall situation, its normal for Moldova 1.5-2.4 cents / liter.
Determination of β-cell function test: usually include:
1, insulin release test: fasting insulin and normal value of 5-15μIU / ml, 1 hours after OGTT fasting up to 5-10 times, three hours after the return to fasting levels. Type 1 diabetes were a serious lack of insulin secretion, postprandial insulin secretion is also no significant increase; type 2 diabetes early fasting insulin level or slightly higher than normal, late is often reduced postprandial insulin secretion peak of more than 2-3 hours delay appear.
2, C-peptide release test: C peptide and endogenous insulin in direct proportion to the relationship between the amount generated, the significance of this test and insulin release test of the same.
Urinary albumin (MALB): early diabetic nephropathy, the general tests of urinary protein often negative, often overlooked in question appeared in urine protein or other abnormalities, kidney disease mutation can not be reversed. Such as urine mALB more than 30 mg / 24 hours, or 20 micrograms / min, then prompted early kidney damage.
Blood, body尿酮examination:
尿酮body checks only as a result of poor accuracy of screening tests. Reliable test is the determination of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid content, more than 0.5 cents Mount / L, suggesting that diabetic ketoacidosis.
Immunological tests: including glutamic acid from hydroxyl antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibody (I-CA) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and so on, mainly used in the sub-type of diabetes. Normal and type 2 diabetes who measured the three antibodies were negative, and I were mostly positive for diabetes mellitus. Which, GADA most valuable.
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances......
We know that diabetes is due to human insulin, absolute or relative lack caused.病友们perhaps you would like to know that they can produce in the end how much insulin, it is absolutely a lack of insulin or a relative lack of insulin. Through the blood insulin or C-peptide inspection checks will be able to understand.
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances should be fasting insulin level of 10 ~ 25mU/dL, and postprandial fasting level should be higher than 4 ~ 5 times. If patients significantly lower levels of insulin, known as the absolute lack of respect, such as: type 1 diabetes; if not significantly reduced, while still high blood sugar, known as the relative lack. Relative lack of insulin diabetes occur because of insulin play a role in the link failure, which is commonly found in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
C-peptide Inspection: When the patients in an external insulin therapy, if still checking blood insulin levels to assess the body's ability to produce insulin, obviously subject to the effects of insulin injections, resulting in inaccurate. At this time to check through the C-peptide can accurately reflect the body's own capacity to produce insulin, and free from the effects of insulin. Determination of the same and insulin, but also fasting and postprandial blood pumping, under normal circumstances is more than fasting postprandial high 4 to 5 times.
Insulin Determination: Evaluation of insulin therapy in patients that have not yet used the islet function
C Peptide: Evaluation of insulin therapy patients have already spent the islet function
Blood insulin check: do not use insulin therapy for patients, in fasting and postprandial blood was measured 2 hours, under normal circumstances should be fasting insulin level of 10 ~ 25mU/dL, and postprandial fasting level should be higher than 4 ~ 5 times. If patients significantly lower levels of insulin, known as the absolute lack of respect, such as: type 1 diabetes; if not significantly reduced, while still high blood sugar, known as the relative lack. Relative lack of insulin diabetes occur because of insulin play a role in the link failure, which is commonly found in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
C-peptide Inspection: When the patients in an external insulin therapy, if still checking blood insulin levels to assess the body's ability to produce insulin, obviously subject to the effects of insulin injections, resulting in inaccurate. At this time to check through the C-peptide can accurately reflect the body's own capacity to produce insulin, and free from the effects of insulin. Determination of the same and insulin, but also fasting and postprandial blood pumping, under normal circumstances is more than fasting postprandial high 4 to 5 times.
Insulin Determination: Evaluation of insulin therapy in patients that have not yet used the islet function
C Peptide: Evaluation of insulin therapy patients have already spent the islet function
Insulin should be kept in 10 ℃ below the refrigerating devices, in 2 ℃ ~ 8 ℃ refrigerator temperature can be maintained unchanged activity 2 to 3 year
With the diabetic population is growing, the constant popularity of diabetes knowledge, insulin has also been an increasing number of diabetic patients to accept and use. However, insulin formulations in easy to break down under high temperature, causing failure. Temperature 30 ℃ ~ 50 ℃, the range of insulin will be part of failure; in 55 ℃ ~ 6012, when a variety of insulin rapidly failure. But they can not be too low, insulin frozen after degeneration, loss of biological activity.
So how does the storage of insulin
Insulin should be kept in 10 ℃ below the refrigerating devices, in 2 ℃ ~ 8 ℃ refrigerator temperature can be maintained unchanged activity 2 to 3 years, even though some of aspiration The same is true of the use of insulin. When used, the temperature does not exceed 30 ℃ and more than 2 ℃ place can be, but must avoid the sun, to prevent failure.
The insulin is being used, as long as the cool place on the indoor it. Corkage use bottled insulin can be put on the refrigerator and freezer, the preservation of about 3 months. The use of insulin and insulin pen cartridges should not back into the refrigerator together, you can carry four weeks preservation.
Turbidity insulin shake collapse, officials a few hours if not properly maintained or when it might be the formation of clumps, when insulin should be discarded.
So how does the storage of insulin
Insulin should be kept in 10 ℃ below the refrigerating devices, in 2 ℃ ~ 8 ℃ refrigerator temperature can be maintained unchanged activity 2 to 3 years, even though some of aspiration The same is true of the use of insulin. When used, the temperature does not exceed 30 ℃ and more than 2 ℃ place can be, but must avoid the sun, to prevent failure.
The insulin is being used, as long as the cool place on the indoor it. Corkage use bottled insulin can be put on the refrigerator and freezer, the preservation of about 3 months. The use of insulin and insulin pen cartridges should not back into the refrigerator together, you can carry four weeks preservation.
Turbidity insulin shake collapse, officials a few hours if not properly maintained or when it might be the formation of clumps, when insulin should be discarded.
Although blood sugar in diabetic patients with unstable, but the sweetness of the milk was not sufficient to lead to early childhood diabetes,........
Many diabetic patients are concerned about after the birth of a problem if it is possible to carry out their own breast-feeding, breast-feeding if you should pay attention to the problem?
In fact, under normal circumstances, be able to give birth mothers can breast-feeding, diabetes is no exception.
Although blood sugar in diabetic patients with unstable, but the sweetness of the milk was not sufficient to lead to early childhood diabetes, breast-feeding is therefore not easily stopped.
Control diabetes with insulin will not affect the normal breast-feeding, because insulin molecules larger child to eat after breast-containing insulin, insulin-ri in the digestive tract is damaged, can not easily be absorbed, it will not affect the quality of the milk, so you can give you breastfeeding the baby.
If you usually oral hypoglycemic agents, in the breast-feeding is necessary to pay attention, because sulfonylurea may lead to child islet β-cell hyperplasia, so that young children easily hypoglycemia; sulfonylureas also affects children's development. Therefore, not in favor of breast-feeding mothers taking oral hypoglycemic agents, the best selection of formal artificial insulin, do not use animal insulin, does not recommend the use of insulin analogues.
In addition, in order to reduce the occurrence of low blood sugar, breast-feeding mothers should be regular, quantitative consumption of carbohydrates, moderate in喂乳before eating, to help prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemia.
In fact, under normal circumstances, be able to give birth mothers can breast-feeding, diabetes is no exception.
Although blood sugar in diabetic patients with unstable, but the sweetness of the milk was not sufficient to lead to early childhood diabetes, breast-feeding is therefore not easily stopped.
Control diabetes with insulin will not affect the normal breast-feeding, because insulin molecules larger child to eat after breast-containing insulin, insulin-ri in the digestive tract is damaged, can not easily be absorbed, it will not affect the quality of the milk, so you can give you breastfeeding the baby.
If you usually oral hypoglycemic agents, in the breast-feeding is necessary to pay attention, because sulfonylurea may lead to child islet β-cell hyperplasia, so that young children easily hypoglycemia; sulfonylureas also affects children's development. Therefore, not in favor of breast-feeding mothers taking oral hypoglycemic agents, the best selection of formal artificial insulin, do not use animal insulin, does not recommend the use of insulin analogues.
In addition, in order to reduce the occurrence of low blood sugar, breast-feeding mothers should be regular, quantitative consumption of carbohydrates, moderate in喂乳before eating, to help prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemia.
Hypertension or obesity so that the biological effects of insulin in patients with high blood pressure is being undermined. At that time people have..
What is Hyperinsulinemia
Hypertension or obesity so that the biological effects of insulin in patients with high blood pressure is being undermined. At that time people have the body to insulin resistance, and in order to maintain a more normal blood glucose levels, their body self-regulation mechanisms to pancreatic β-cell secretion than normal times or even ten times more insulin to lower blood sugar, and this has given rise the hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is defined as fasting insulin ≥ 85 pmol / L.
Hyperinsulinemia is coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and so on the basis of a common pathogenesis.
Hyperinsulinemia treatment
To strengthen the sports exercise: to increase physical activity on insulin sensitivity of organizations to reduce weight, improve metabolism, reduce the insulin resistance, so that hyperinsulinemia mitigation, reducing cardiovascular complications.
To improve the diet: Whether in China or in the West, people's diet structure to high-calorie, high-fat-based. And excessive calorie intake over consumption, the result of body fat storage trigger obesity. Therefore, the diet should be diversified in order to maintain nutritional balance, avoid excess nutrients.
Hypertension and the relationship between hyperinsulinemia
In recent years, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension cause for concern. Observed that the hypertensive patients fasting insulin levels were significantly higher than normal, there is insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance to reduce the incidence of hypertension were significantly higher than normal, hyperinsulinemia are also often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia, the performance was particularly prevalent in the obese.
Animal studies have also found that insulin resistance exists SHR. Hyperinsulinemia may be the cells by activating Na +-K + ATP enzyme to intracellular Na + concentration increased, the body of sodium retention, reduce Ca2 +-ATP activity to increase intracellular calcium concentrations to increase in vascular resistance, and increased sympathetic activity lead to hypertension. However, not all hyperinsulinemia have a high blood pressure, and vice versa, the relationship between the two still continue to study.
Hypertension or obesity so that the biological effects of insulin in patients with high blood pressure is being undermined. At that time people have the body to insulin resistance, and in order to maintain a more normal blood glucose levels, their body self-regulation mechanisms to pancreatic β-cell secretion than normal times or even ten times more insulin to lower blood sugar, and this has given rise the hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is defined as fasting insulin ≥ 85 pmol / L.
Hyperinsulinemia is coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and so on the basis of a common pathogenesis.
Hyperinsulinemia treatment
To strengthen the sports exercise: to increase physical activity on insulin sensitivity of organizations to reduce weight, improve metabolism, reduce the insulin resistance, so that hyperinsulinemia mitigation, reducing cardiovascular complications.
To improve the diet: Whether in China or in the West, people's diet structure to high-calorie, high-fat-based. And excessive calorie intake over consumption, the result of body fat storage trigger obesity. Therefore, the diet should be diversified in order to maintain nutritional balance, avoid excess nutrients.
Hypertension and the relationship between hyperinsulinemia
In recent years, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension cause for concern. Observed that the hypertensive patients fasting insulin levels were significantly higher than normal, there is insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance to reduce the incidence of hypertension were significantly higher than normal, hyperinsulinemia are also often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia, the performance was particularly prevalent in the obese.
Animal studies have also found that insulin resistance exists SHR. Hyperinsulinemia may be the cells by activating Na +-K + ATP enzyme to intracellular Na + concentration increased, the body of sodium retention, reduce Ca2 +-ATP activity to increase intracellular calcium concentrations to increase in vascular resistance, and increased sympathetic activity lead to hypertension. However, not all hyperinsulinemia have a high blood pressure, and vice versa, the relationship between the two still continue to study.
is generally believed that abnormal glucose tolerance (IGT) is the performance of pre-diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes. It has been reported,.....
At present, is generally believed that abnormal glucose tolerance (IGT) is the performance of pre-diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes. It has been reported, IGT patients in 5 to 10 years, there were 1 / 3 can be transformed into diabetic patients, 1 / 3 return to normal, 1 / 3 will remain unchanged. However, between the different races in different regions of the vesting IGT is also different.
IGT is not only to develop into a transitional stage of diabetes, type 2 diabetes prevention is the final gateway. IGT is why the period of treatment is to intervene to prevent type 2 diabetes the key!
Play an important role in behavioral intervention
Behavioral intervention in a number of small-scale prospective study of the effect has been considerable.
Sweden to a group of middle-aged men to intervene in the treatment of patients with IGT - diet plus exercise therapy: dietary requirements to reduce the sugar and fat, increase complex carbohydrate and dietary fiber, overweight require low-calorie to weight loss; exercise therapy are at the beginning of 6 ~ December collective exercise in future to encourage sports clubs at home or training, by the 5-year follow-up, intervention treatment group, weight loss, diabetes conversion rate was only 11 percent; while the control group reduced body weight, 21 percent into a diabetic. In recent years, Finland and the United States has conducted large-scale, multi-center, long-term eating and physical activity intervention, achieved a very good prevention of type 2 diabetes results, especially for middle-aged and older, than the drug metformin intervention more effective.
Therefore, the change in IGT's way of life, formulate a reasonable balance between a healthy diet, perseverance to carry out appropriate physical activity, obesity given to low-fat diet low heat so that it returned to normal weight range, particularly through exercise and diet to reduce abdominal fat It is the basic therapy to combat IGT.
Choice of drug prevention and treatment of IGT
While lifestyle changes to combat the effects of IGT significantly, but its implementation is not an easy task, so the drug intervention should also be taken seriously. IGT intervention for treatment of drugs should be subject to the following conditions: 1. To improve glucose tolerance, not cause hypoglycemia. 2. The best to reduce the level of plasma insulin, at least not increased. 3. Not to provoke the islet B cells do not increase their burden, and its function in advance to avoid a recession. 4. To improve dyslipidemia. 5. Not to increase the weight. 6. Safe, non-serious adverse reactions. Has been the early pre-testing, ongoing large-scale intervention trial IGT There are several kinds of drugs:
1.α-glucosidase inhibitors - acarbose: the characteristics of acarbose for the delay of intestinal carbohydrate absorption, reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, while reducing postprandial hyperinsulinemia, reducing postprandial glycerol Third, higher esters and can mobilize the type of intestinal glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), the latter will enable IGT in B cells of the minor defects in insulin secretion was restored. α-Glucosidase inhibitors mainly bloating side effects can be started using a small dose and gradually increase the volume so that the intestinal tract, the next paragraph of the α-Glucosidase activity gradually induced out, so can significantly reduce the intestinal side effects.
2. Metformin: This drug can reduce blood sugar, insulin at the same time also dropped. Its mechanism may be improved insulin sensitivity and reduce the intestinal absorption of sugar. Metformin does not increase the weight of high blood cholesterol also have a role. The major adverse drug reaction diarrhea. Objects in the choice of treatment should pay attention to avoid lactic acidosis possibilities.
3. Thiazolidinediones: previously tried troglitazone, troglitazone can improve insulin resistance, so that blood sugar drop, drop in blood insulin, triglyceride decreased, without increasing weight. Although see troglitazone progress in the prevention of diabetes high-risk groups to the effect of type 2 diabetes, but because of its liver toxicity, and all were forced to suspend clinical trials, after the switch to the liver toxicity of rosiglitazone, a preventive effect similar.
General population should be actively screening
Due to the high incidence of IGT is generally asymptomatic, the patient will not take the initiative to visit and easy to translate into type 2 diabetes, but also prone to cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, such as big, and still can not rule out the possibility of occurrence of microvascular disease. Therefore, a positive attitude is very important crowd detection IGT, particularly in obesity and overweight people should also pay due attention, regular physical examination, not only to be measured fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose test also found that questions should be done glucose tolerance test ( OGTT).
IGT is not only to develop into a transitional stage of diabetes, type 2 diabetes prevention is the final gateway. IGT is why the period of treatment is to intervene to prevent type 2 diabetes the key!
Play an important role in behavioral intervention
Behavioral intervention in a number of small-scale prospective study of the effect has been considerable.
Sweden to a group of middle-aged men to intervene in the treatment of patients with IGT - diet plus exercise therapy: dietary requirements to reduce the sugar and fat, increase complex carbohydrate and dietary fiber, overweight require low-calorie to weight loss; exercise therapy are at the beginning of 6 ~ December collective exercise in future to encourage sports clubs at home or training, by the 5-year follow-up, intervention treatment group, weight loss, diabetes conversion rate was only 11 percent; while the control group reduced body weight, 21 percent into a diabetic. In recent years, Finland and the United States has conducted large-scale, multi-center, long-term eating and physical activity intervention, achieved a very good prevention of type 2 diabetes results, especially for middle-aged and older, than the drug metformin intervention more effective.
Therefore, the change in IGT's way of life, formulate a reasonable balance between a healthy diet, perseverance to carry out appropriate physical activity, obesity given to low-fat diet low heat so that it returned to normal weight range, particularly through exercise and diet to reduce abdominal fat It is the basic therapy to combat IGT.
Choice of drug prevention and treatment of IGT
While lifestyle changes to combat the effects of IGT significantly, but its implementation is not an easy task, so the drug intervention should also be taken seriously. IGT intervention for treatment of drugs should be subject to the following conditions: 1. To improve glucose tolerance, not cause hypoglycemia. 2. The best to reduce the level of plasma insulin, at least not increased. 3. Not to provoke the islet B cells do not increase their burden, and its function in advance to avoid a recession. 4. To improve dyslipidemia. 5. Not to increase the weight. 6. Safe, non-serious adverse reactions. Has been the early pre-testing, ongoing large-scale intervention trial IGT There are several kinds of drugs:
1.α-glucosidase inhibitors - acarbose: the characteristics of acarbose for the delay of intestinal carbohydrate absorption, reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, while reducing postprandial hyperinsulinemia, reducing postprandial glycerol Third, higher esters and can mobilize the type of intestinal glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), the latter will enable IGT in B cells of the minor defects in insulin secretion was restored. α-Glucosidase inhibitors mainly bloating side effects can be started using a small dose and gradually increase the volume so that the intestinal tract, the next paragraph of the α-Glucosidase activity gradually induced out, so can significantly reduce the intestinal side effects.
2. Metformin: This drug can reduce blood sugar, insulin at the same time also dropped. Its mechanism may be improved insulin sensitivity and reduce the intestinal absorption of sugar. Metformin does not increase the weight of high blood cholesterol also have a role. The major adverse drug reaction diarrhea. Objects in the choice of treatment should pay attention to avoid lactic acidosis possibilities.
3. Thiazolidinediones: previously tried troglitazone, troglitazone can improve insulin resistance, so that blood sugar drop, drop in blood insulin, triglyceride decreased, without increasing weight. Although see troglitazone progress in the prevention of diabetes high-risk groups to the effect of type 2 diabetes, but because of its liver toxicity, and all were forced to suspend clinical trials, after the switch to the liver toxicity of rosiglitazone, a preventive effect similar.
General population should be actively screening
Due to the high incidence of IGT is generally asymptomatic, the patient will not take the initiative to visit and easy to translate into type 2 diabetes, but also prone to cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, such as big, and still can not rule out the possibility of occurrence of microvascular disease. Therefore, a positive attitude is very important crowd detection IGT, particularly in obesity and overweight people should also pay due attention, regular physical examination, not only to be measured fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose test also found that questions should be done glucose tolerance test ( OGTT).
In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results, check the day before yesterday, should continue to maintain normal eating patterns ..
In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results, check the day before yesterday, should continue to maintain normal eating patterns and medication, to ensure a good night sleep. In addition, the Next Morning blood tests should avoid strenuous exercise before, smoking and drinking beverages such as coffee and other irritating.
Time to determine if the blood can not, it may be the normal treatment and the morning meal at home, and then go to the hospital two hours ...........
Time to determine if the blood can not, it may be the normal treatment and the morning meal at home, and then go to the hospital two hours postprandial blood glucose test, so that does not affect the normal meals and medication, will not cause blood sugar fluctuations. A growing number of studies have shown that postprandial hyperglycemia can better reflect the meal volume and the volume of medication is appropriate.
For their own low level of insulin secretion, there is early morning in patients with high blood sugar, the best use of the rapid advance at home ....
For their own low level of insulin secretion, there is early morning in patients with high blood sugar, the best use of the rapid advance at home Glucometer completed the determination of fasting blood glucose, write down the results, then the hospital, and the results tell the doctor for their information, so do not will delay the treatment before breakfast.
For bedtime injection of insulin in patients treated with hypoglycemic effect can be maintained as a result of the following day from 8 to 9 o'clock..
For bedtime injection of insulin in patients treated with hypoglycemic effect can be maintained as a result of the following day from 8 to 9 o'clock, therefore, fasting blood glucose testing of blood could be more later.
About the use of oral hypoglycemic agents in patients treated with blood, if time allows late morning and afternoon drug medicine apart too close, ...
About the use of oral hypoglycemic agents in patients treated with blood, if time allows late morning and afternoon drug medicine apart too close, you can at noon, as appropriate, to reduce the amount of drugs so as to avoid overlapping drug caused low blood sugar.
For early dinner before the injection of insulin in patients with pre-mixed, if the morning to the hospital for blood tests so that the treatment.....
For early dinner before the injection of insulin in patients with pre-mixed, if the morning to the hospital for blood tests so that the treatment of delays in the blood after a meal before the change to inject a "short-acting insulin," and this can eliminate delays in treatment caused by elevated blood sugar and to avoid an inspection the day of morning and evening "premixed insulin" too close to the two injection interval.
Do not fasting blood glucose testing and stop, so come to the test results can not accurately reflect the condition will cause fluctuations in blood..
Do not fasting blood glucose testing and stop, so come to the test results can not accurately reflect the condition will cause fluctuations in blood sugar and increase the disease.
Do not check the day before the excessive dieting. This measured the results may be more "ideal", but normal blood glucose control can not represent..
Do not check the day before the excessive dieting. This measured the results may be more "ideal", but normal blood glucose control can not represent the real situation.
intensive therapy has been the level of blood sugar control HbA1c7.0% of many diabetes treatment guidelines recommended target. At present this goal
United Kingdom prospective study on diabetes (UKPDS)
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) began in 1977, the study was designed to answer a basic question: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the enhanced blood glucose control can reduce the risk of complications of diabetes.
A total of 5102 cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were selected, in the three months of dietary treatment, 4209 cases of patients were randomly assigned to the group. In addition to a small number of obese patients were randomly assigned to the use of metformin treatment, a total of 342 cases of patients, other patients were randomly assigned to receive conventional treatment of 1138 cases, or 2729 cases of intensive therapy. Conventional treatment group mainly lifestyle intervention, poor blood sugar control were randomly assigned to the sulfonylurea, insulin or metformin, obesity, the treatment group; the strengthening of the treatment group in the beginning of the study, randomly assigned to receive 1156 cases of insulin or sulfonylureas 1573 Cases of treatment, for the purpose of fasting blood glucose control in 6mmol / L, 108mg/dl following. Acceptance of sulfonylurea drug treatment patients, 339 cases ultimately need insulin therapy because of poor blood sugar control during the study period; In addition, there are 268 cases of patients with sulfonylurea accept as a result of poor blood sugar control services need to metformin treatment. UKPDS follow-up study of patients with an average of 10 years (53,000 patient years).
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) major findings
UKPDS study in type 2 diabetes study of great significance. Its main findings included the following:
Intensive treatment can reduce the occurrence of complications related to the risk of microvascular complications can reduce the risk of vascular complications in the context, can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. Intensive therapy can reduce the need for cataract surgery patients ratio. And conventional treatment group compared to the first 12 years in the study, the intensive therapy can retinopathy and albuminuria incidence decreased significantly to the risk of decreased 21% P = 0.015 and 33% P = 0.000054. In the intensive therapy group and between the conventional treatment group, HbA1c mean absolute difference of 0.9%, or intensive therapy group HbA1c less than 11 percent of conventional treatment group.
Because type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease, with the β-cell function occurred in the sexual failure, in many diabetic patients, in order to maintain good blood sugar control, the need for the use of insulin therapy, in 6 years after the beginning of the study, about 50% The patients need insulin therapy. In addition, with the extension of course, insulin requirements have also increased.
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) the main conclusions
UKPDS study confirmed that type 2 diabetes is a serious sexual diseases, in the 15-year study period, HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose levels continued to rise, indicating that β-cell function of sexual failure.
UKPDS study clearly, in type 2 diabetes patients, to improve glycemic control of intensive intervention in the treatment of diabetes can reduce the risk of late complications. On this point and early in patients with type 1 diabetes conducted research DCCT results.
Type 2 diabetes often need to strengthen the treatment of joint use of different drugs. UKPDS received from the very clear conclusion is that, due to disease progression, in order to maintain good long-term glycemic control, many patients with diabetes will need insulin therapy.
In the UKPDS study, intensive therapy has been the level of blood sugar control HbA1c7.0% of many diabetes treatment guidelines recommended target. At present this goal in most patients with type 2 diabetes failed to be realized. Therefore, we should strengthen the control of blood sugar in diabetic patients
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) began in 1977, the study was designed to answer a basic question: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the enhanced blood glucose control can reduce the risk of complications of diabetes.
A total of 5102 cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were selected, in the three months of dietary treatment, 4209 cases of patients were randomly assigned to the group. In addition to a small number of obese patients were randomly assigned to the use of metformin treatment, a total of 342 cases of patients, other patients were randomly assigned to receive conventional treatment of 1138 cases, or 2729 cases of intensive therapy. Conventional treatment group mainly lifestyle intervention, poor blood sugar control were randomly assigned to the sulfonylurea, insulin or metformin, obesity, the treatment group; the strengthening of the treatment group in the beginning of the study, randomly assigned to receive 1156 cases of insulin or sulfonylureas 1573 Cases of treatment, for the purpose of fasting blood glucose control in 6mmol / L, 108mg/dl following. Acceptance of sulfonylurea drug treatment patients, 339 cases ultimately need insulin therapy because of poor blood sugar control during the study period; In addition, there are 268 cases of patients with sulfonylurea accept as a result of poor blood sugar control services need to metformin treatment. UKPDS follow-up study of patients with an average of 10 years (53,000 patient years).
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) major findings
UKPDS study in type 2 diabetes study of great significance. Its main findings included the following:
Intensive treatment can reduce the occurrence of complications related to the risk of microvascular complications can reduce the risk of vascular complications in the context, can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. Intensive therapy can reduce the need for cataract surgery patients ratio. And conventional treatment group compared to the first 12 years in the study, the intensive therapy can retinopathy and albuminuria incidence decreased significantly to the risk of decreased 21% P = 0.015 and 33% P = 0.000054. In the intensive therapy group and between the conventional treatment group, HbA1c mean absolute difference of 0.9%, or intensive therapy group HbA1c less than 11 percent of conventional treatment group.
Because type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease, with the β-cell function occurred in the sexual failure, in many diabetic patients, in order to maintain good blood sugar control, the need for the use of insulin therapy, in 6 years after the beginning of the study, about 50% The patients need insulin therapy. In addition, with the extension of course, insulin requirements have also increased.
United Kingdom prospective study of diabetes (UKPDS) the main conclusions
UKPDS study confirmed that type 2 diabetes is a serious sexual diseases, in the 15-year study period, HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose levels continued to rise, indicating that β-cell function of sexual failure.
UKPDS study clearly, in type 2 diabetes patients, to improve glycemic control of intensive intervention in the treatment of diabetes can reduce the risk of late complications. On this point and early in patients with type 1 diabetes conducted research DCCT results.
Type 2 diabetes often need to strengthen the treatment of joint use of different drugs. UKPDS received from the very clear conclusion is that, due to disease progression, in order to maintain good long-term glycemic control, many patients with diabetes will need insulin therapy.
In the UKPDS study, intensive therapy has been the level of blood sugar control HbA1c7.0% of many diabetes treatment guidelines recommended target. At present this goal in most patients with type 2 diabetes failed to be realized. Therefore, we should strengthen the control of blood sugar in diabetic patients
Hyperinsulinemia means compared with the normal high insulin levels (normal fasting plasma insulin concentration of 0.005 ~ 0.02U / L after oral gluco
Hyperinsulinemia means compared with the normal high insulin levels (normal fasting plasma insulin concentration of 0.005 ~ 0.02U / L after oral glucose-stimulated 100g peak of about 0.05 ~ 0.1U / L common in obese type 2 diabetes patients.
Its measurement and statistical methods of insulin measured by radioimmunoassay, triglyceride with Acetylacetone law, blood glucose by enzymatic.
High insulin can cause a series of home Hyperlipemia pathological process which leads to atherosclerosis. Of hypertension, coronary heart disease, germanium urine disease all play a very important role.
Observed that the hypertensive patients fasting insulin levels were significantly higher than normal, there is insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance to reduce the incidence of hypertension were significantly higher than normal, hyperinsulinemia are also often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia, the performance was particularly prevalent in the obese.
Its measurement and statistical methods of insulin measured by radioimmunoassay, triglyceride with Acetylacetone law, blood glucose by enzymatic.
High insulin can cause a series of home Hyperlipemia pathological process which leads to atherosclerosis. Of hypertension, coronary heart disease, germanium urine disease all play a very important role.
Observed that the hypertensive patients fasting insulin levels were significantly higher than normal, there is insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance to reduce the incidence of hypertension were significantly higher than normal, hyperinsulinemia are also often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia, the performance was particularly prevalent in the obese.
Single sugars (Monosaccharide): no longer hydrolysis more simple sugars, according to the number of carbon atoms can be divided into three-carbon suga
What is monosaccharide
Single sugars (Monosaccharide): no longer hydrolysis more simple sugars, according to the number of carbon atoms can be divided into three-carbon sugar, four-carbon sugar, five-carbon sugar, six carbon sugar, carbon sugar seven or eight carbon sugar.
Glucose: from starch, sugar maltose and lactose hydrolyzate is used by organizations as a major sugar. High blood sugar in diabetic patients in the urine will be measured by high concentration of sugar, and commonly known as diabetes.
What is meant by disaccharides
Two-carbohydrate (Disaccharide): refers to hydrolysis can be produced after the Second elements the same or different monosaccharides, such as sugar (sucrose), lactose (lactose) and maltose (maltose).
Maltose (maltose): starch water product, is the germination of grains and malt.
Lactose (lactose): milk, urine during pregnancy may have. Sugar (sucrose): sugar cane and beet sugar, pineapple plants Sorghum carrot root.
Fine seaweed (trehalose): mushrooms and yeast, is the insect hemolymph of the main carbohydrate.
What is polysaccharide
Polysaccharides (Polysaccharide): can be produced by the hydrolysis of at least 6 monosaccharide molecules, and it may be straight-chain or a branched-chain. Included;
a) starch (starch): After its hydrolysis produced only glucose, there is a polymer with the starch found in grains, MA Ling potato, it is the most important source of carbohydrates, the main two forms were Melosira starch (accounting for 15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%), from glucose to α \ (1 → 4) α \ (1 → 6) linked the two keys sugar.
b) Glycogen: It is the storage of animal polysaccharides, it often referred to as animal starch, from α \ (1 → 4) α \ (1 → 6) linked the two keys sugar.
c) Cellulose: It is the main component of plant skeleton, by β (1 → 4) indirect form long straight chains, including humans Xu \ more mammals lack the enzyme hydrolysis bond, it can not digest cellulose. In ruminants and other herbivores are biodegradable intestinal microbes exist, can make use of cellulose to become a major source of energy.
Sweeteners: aspartame (Aspartame) is the day Mendong acid and phenylalanine posed by artificial sweeteners. Its sweetness is 200 times that of sugar, is safe, easily absorbed the advantages of low-calorie. Apply to dental caries, diabetes and obesity patients
Single sugars (Monosaccharide): no longer hydrolysis more simple sugars, according to the number of carbon atoms can be divided into three-carbon sugar, four-carbon sugar, five-carbon sugar, six carbon sugar, carbon sugar seven or eight carbon sugar.
Glucose: from starch, sugar maltose and lactose hydrolyzate is used by organizations as a major sugar. High blood sugar in diabetic patients in the urine will be measured by high concentration of sugar, and commonly known as diabetes.
What is meant by disaccharides
Two-carbohydrate (Disaccharide): refers to hydrolysis can be produced after the Second elements the same or different monosaccharides, such as sugar (sucrose), lactose (lactose) and maltose (maltose).
Maltose (maltose): starch water product, is the germination of grains and malt.
Lactose (lactose): milk, urine during pregnancy may have. Sugar (sucrose): sugar cane and beet sugar, pineapple plants Sorghum carrot root.
Fine seaweed (trehalose): mushrooms and yeast, is the insect hemolymph of the main carbohydrate.
What is polysaccharide
Polysaccharides (Polysaccharide): can be produced by the hydrolysis of at least 6 monosaccharide molecules, and it may be straight-chain or a branched-chain. Included;
a) starch (starch): After its hydrolysis produced only glucose, there is a polymer with the starch found in grains, MA Ling potato, it is the most important source of carbohydrates, the main two forms were Melosira starch (accounting for 15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%), from glucose to α \ (1 → 4) α \ (1 → 6) linked the two keys sugar.
b) Glycogen: It is the storage of animal polysaccharides, it often referred to as animal starch, from α \ (1 → 4) α \ (1 → 6) linked the two keys sugar.
c) Cellulose: It is the main component of plant skeleton, by β (1 → 4) indirect form long straight chains, including humans Xu \ more mammals lack the enzyme hydrolysis bond, it can not digest cellulose. In ruminants and other herbivores are biodegradable intestinal microbes exist, can make use of cellulose to become a major source of energy.
Sweeteners: aspartame (Aspartame) is the day Mendong acid and phenylalanine posed by artificial sweeteners. Its sweetness is 200 times that of sugar, is safe, easily absorbed the advantages of low-calorie. Apply to dental caries, diabetes and obesity patients
Diabetes is due to lack of insulin secretion in vivo glucose metabolism disorder caused by a disease. Its incidence in our country there are an increa
Diabetes is due to lack of insulin secretion in vivo glucose metabolism disorder caused by a disease. Its incidence in our country there are an increasing number of trends, if not a very good long-term disease control, will happen a variety of complications, such as coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, kidney disease, will be a serious life-threatening.
At present, the treatment of diabetic diet is still the main, if not sufficient to alleviate the condition. The use of medication, are commonly used insulin injection, as well as a sugar Nanjing, Jiangtang Ling, glibenclamide, urea and other sulfochlorophenol C oral hypoglycemic agents, including insulin stronger role, mainly for heavy patients, oral hypoglycemic agents only in light and medium-sized patients.
In addition to master the indications, the combination can not be taken lightly, or else they will drop efficiency, failure, and even exacerbated the disease. Certain drugs itself the role of elevated blood sugar, such as prednisone, triamcinolone and cortisone acetate, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone, betamethasone-pui, and so on, can increase the glycogen yuan, to blood glucose or high. If they were combined with hypoglycemic agents may have against the role of the effect of lowering. Another example is furosemide, Lee uric acid, chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide Dihydroartemisinin and so on, can inhibit the secretion of insulin, so that elevated blood sugar, or even coma. Another example Chloropropionic Acid, non-Flanagan,泰尔登, perphenazine, trifluoperazine, as well as iodine A security, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, also face a similar situation, it is not appropriate combination.
There are women of childbearing age in the application of estrogen, progesterone oral contraceptives, and hypoglycemic agents have reduced the role of efficiency, will be diverted to use other contraceptives. Some drugs and oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin combined, can interfere with each other, the impact of efficacy, toxicity and even.
When suffering from tuberculosis in diabetic patients, if a sugar Nanjing (D860) and isoniazid, rifampicin combination, which will lead to liver enzyme secreted more drugs to speed up a sugar metabolism and excretion of Nanjing, so that the deterioration of diabetes can lead to coma, it will be diverted to use streptomycin, nitrogen thiourea of aminosalicylate sodium in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Diabetics suffering from high blood pressure when insulin injections and taking reserpine will hinder the release of norepinephrine, so that lower blood sugar, thereby enhancing the role of insulin, hypoglycemia reaction can be, so to switch to Jiangyaling or foul Indus, Prunella, Siegesbeckiae grass, chrysanthemum, and so the treatment of hypertension.
Diabetes due to intestinal infection use of chloramphenicol, which can inhibit liver enzymes drugs, so that slow down the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents and easy to cause hypoglycemia. According to reports, patients daily oral chloramphenicol 2 grams, once a 10 days, will enable the half-life of a sugar Nanjing extended to five hours from 15 hours, blood drug concentration per 100 ml from 7.5 mg to 14 mg, A substantial boost to the sugar Nanjing Hypoglycemic efficacy and side effects to the disease is exacerbated. Therefore, in the application of chloramphenicol at the same time, will be diverted to use Jiangtang Ling or Jiangtang tablet metformin treatment of diabetes.
There Guanxin ping (Clofibrate) and stuffy cola, gifted down Nanjing (Department of antihypertensive agents), Nandrolone, will cause low blood sugar, should avoid sharing.
Diabetes who have sinus tachycardia and hypertension, if glybenclamide combined with propranolol, the role of glybenclamide strong and fast, propranolol can to increase insulin secretion, at the same time cover up the low blood sugar caused by an increase in heart rate signs, it is not appropriate with the service.
Bronchitis and diabetes patients, if a sugar Nanjing and sulfa drug sulfamethoxazole merger applications, the blood will increase the concentration of hypoglycemic agents may be hypoglycemia, so the second drug should be used interval.
People are suffering from diabetes Thrombophlebitis when, if a sugar and Nanjing dicoumarol with clothes, a sugar replacement would prefer the latter, its concentration increases, causing bleeding; and dicoumarol A sugar can inhibit the Nanjing Metabolism and excretion, from its half-life of five hours extended to 18 hours, easy hypoglycemia. Glybenclamide, methyl C gland with GC dicoumarol also face a similar situation, it is not appropriate combination.
Diabetics suffer from rheumatic fever when, if aspirin and glibenclamide, a sugar Nanjing, such as hydrazine sulfochlorophenol C combined with aspirin replacement both oral hypoglycemic agents, so that plasma concentration increased, but also hypoglycemic agents can slow down the metabolism and excretion, Third aspirin itself Jiangtang role, resulting in hypoglycemia coma, it is advisable to switch to naproxen treatment of rheumatism.
In addition, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin with Jiangtang Ling combined, can produce a large number of lactic acid, causing acidosis, and even life-threatening, it will be diverted to other anti-bacterial medication.
Need to be emphasized that during the diabetes drugs, alcohol is extremely harmful, alcoholism drugs inhibit the liver enzymes, so that insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents cause severe low blood bran, and even death; a small amount of alcohol on many occasions enzyme secretion can promote drugs to speed up the metabolism of hypoglycemic agents to reduce the effect. At the same time, the middle of alcohol metabolite acetaldehyde oxidation, such as by the effects of hypoglycemic agents, can increase the blood concentration of acetaldehyde, resulting in toxicity, such as the pulsating headache, nausea and vomiting, sweating and thirst, tachycardia, shortness of breath, blood pressure decreased, and even shock, it is necessary temperance.
At present, the treatment of diabetic diet is still the main, if not sufficient to alleviate the condition. The use of medication, are commonly used insulin injection, as well as a sugar Nanjing, Jiangtang Ling, glibenclamide, urea and other sulfochlorophenol C oral hypoglycemic agents, including insulin stronger role, mainly for heavy patients, oral hypoglycemic agents only in light and medium-sized patients.
In addition to master the indications, the combination can not be taken lightly, or else they will drop efficiency, failure, and even exacerbated the disease. Certain drugs itself the role of elevated blood sugar, such as prednisone, triamcinolone and cortisone acetate, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone, betamethasone-pui, and so on, can increase the glycogen yuan, to blood glucose or high. If they were combined with hypoglycemic agents may have against the role of the effect of lowering. Another example is furosemide, Lee uric acid, chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide Dihydroartemisinin and so on, can inhibit the secretion of insulin, so that elevated blood sugar, or even coma. Another example Chloropropionic Acid, non-Flanagan,泰尔登, perphenazine, trifluoperazine, as well as iodine A security, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, also face a similar situation, it is not appropriate combination.
There are women of childbearing age in the application of estrogen, progesterone oral contraceptives, and hypoglycemic agents have reduced the role of efficiency, will be diverted to use other contraceptives. Some drugs and oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin combined, can interfere with each other, the impact of efficacy, toxicity and even.
When suffering from tuberculosis in diabetic patients, if a sugar Nanjing (D860) and isoniazid, rifampicin combination, which will lead to liver enzyme secreted more drugs to speed up a sugar metabolism and excretion of Nanjing, so that the deterioration of diabetes can lead to coma, it will be diverted to use streptomycin, nitrogen thiourea of aminosalicylate sodium in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Diabetics suffering from high blood pressure when insulin injections and taking reserpine will hinder the release of norepinephrine, so that lower blood sugar, thereby enhancing the role of insulin, hypoglycemia reaction can be, so to switch to Jiangyaling or foul Indus, Prunella, Siegesbeckiae grass, chrysanthemum, and so the treatment of hypertension.
Diabetes due to intestinal infection use of chloramphenicol, which can inhibit liver enzymes drugs, so that slow down the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents and easy to cause hypoglycemia. According to reports, patients daily oral chloramphenicol 2 grams, once a 10 days, will enable the half-life of a sugar Nanjing extended to five hours from 15 hours, blood drug concentration per 100 ml from 7.5 mg to 14 mg, A substantial boost to the sugar Nanjing Hypoglycemic efficacy and side effects to the disease is exacerbated. Therefore, in the application of chloramphenicol at the same time, will be diverted to use Jiangtang Ling or Jiangtang tablet metformin treatment of diabetes.
There Guanxin ping (Clofibrate) and stuffy cola, gifted down Nanjing (Department of antihypertensive agents), Nandrolone, will cause low blood sugar, should avoid sharing.
Diabetes who have sinus tachycardia and hypertension, if glybenclamide combined with propranolol, the role of glybenclamide strong and fast, propranolol can to increase insulin secretion, at the same time cover up the low blood sugar caused by an increase in heart rate signs, it is not appropriate with the service.
Bronchitis and diabetes patients, if a sugar Nanjing and sulfa drug sulfamethoxazole merger applications, the blood will increase the concentration of hypoglycemic agents may be hypoglycemia, so the second drug should be used interval.
People are suffering from diabetes Thrombophlebitis when, if a sugar and Nanjing dicoumarol with clothes, a sugar replacement would prefer the latter, its concentration increases, causing bleeding; and dicoumarol A sugar can inhibit the Nanjing Metabolism and excretion, from its half-life of five hours extended to 18 hours, easy hypoglycemia. Glybenclamide, methyl C gland with GC dicoumarol also face a similar situation, it is not appropriate combination.
Diabetics suffer from rheumatic fever when, if aspirin and glibenclamide, a sugar Nanjing, such as hydrazine sulfochlorophenol C combined with aspirin replacement both oral hypoglycemic agents, so that plasma concentration increased, but also hypoglycemic agents can slow down the metabolism and excretion, Third aspirin itself Jiangtang role, resulting in hypoglycemia coma, it is advisable to switch to naproxen treatment of rheumatism.
In addition, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin with Jiangtang Ling combined, can produce a large number of lactic acid, causing acidosis, and even life-threatening, it will be diverted to other anti-bacterial medication.
Need to be emphasized that during the diabetes drugs, alcohol is extremely harmful, alcoholism drugs inhibit the liver enzymes, so that insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents cause severe low blood bran, and even death; a small amount of alcohol on many occasions enzyme secretion can promote drugs to speed up the metabolism of hypoglycemic agents to reduce the effect. At the same time, the middle of alcohol metabolite acetaldehyde oxidation, such as by the effects of hypoglycemic agents, can increase the blood concentration of acetaldehyde, resulting in toxicity, such as the pulsating headache, nausea and vomiting, sweating and thirst, tachycardia, shortness of breath, blood pressure decreased, and even shock, it is necessary temperance.
In normal people, glomerular filtrate also contain a certain amount of glucose, but the vast majority were tubular reabsorption into the bloodstream,
In normal people, glomerular filtrate also contain a certain amount of glucose, but the vast majority were tubular reabsorption into the bloodstream, so normal urine containing only a trace amount of glucose, general wellness checks and measurements do not come out, so urine sugar Qualitative is negative. Due to the ability of renal tubular absorption of glucose there is a limit. When blood sugar more than the limit, there are parts of glomerular filtrate glucose can not be absorbed, and produced with the urine from diabetes.
Normal blood sugar more than 8.9 ~ 10.0mmol / L, the urine can be found, the blood glucose level is referred to as renal glucose threshold that renal glucose threshold. In the elderly and blood glucose in patients with diabetic nephropathy is often more than 10.0mmol / L, or 11.1 ~ 16.7mmol / L, when it appears diabetes, which is due to increased renal glucose threshold, on the contrary during pregnancy or in patients with renal glucosuria, blood glucose less than 8.9mmol / L, there is diabetes, which is lower renal glucose threshold.
Normal blood sugar more than 8.9 ~ 10.0mmol / L, the urine can be found, the blood glucose level is referred to as renal glucose threshold that renal glucose threshold. In the elderly and blood glucose in patients with diabetic nephropathy is often more than 10.0mmol / L, or 11.1 ~ 16.7mmol / L, when it appears diabetes, which is due to increased renal glucose threshold, on the contrary during pregnancy or in patients with renal glucosuria, blood glucose less than 8.9mmol / L, there is diabetes, which is lower renal glucose threshold.
Diabetes is a disease of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the polydipsia, polyuria, and more food and weight loss, fatigue, urinary sweet for th
Diabetes is a disease of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the polydipsia, polyuria, and more food and weight loss, fatigue, urinary sweet for the main features of the Integrated Diseases. If the tests done to check its main features for high blood sugar and urine sugar. The main lesion in the lung, stomach, kidney, the basic pathogenesis亏耗Kui Yin,偏盛heat. Diabetes a long time, his condition out of control, then阴损and yang, hot Zhuo Jin Blood loss, due to the two气阴injury, yin and yang are true, venae Stagnation, meridians dystrophy, reverse blood disorder, viscera organ damage there furuncle, carbuncle, dizziness, chest, deafness, Blindness, Ma limb pain, lower limb gangrene, kidney failure edema, stroke and coma, such as certification.
Based on the clinical performance of traditional Chinese medicine with modern medicine Diabetes basically the same as diabetes.
Based on the clinical performance of traditional Chinese medicine with modern medicine Diabetes basically the same as diabetes.
Diabetes is the qualitative urine test positive, but not necessarily positive urine sugar diabetes. In fact, the blood sugar in the kidney's excretion
Diabetes is the qualitative urine test positive, but not necessarily positive urine sugar diabetes. In fact, the blood sugar in the kidney's excretion depend on three factors: the concentration of blood sugar, kidney filtration capacity of the blood sugar, kidney on blood glucose re-absorption capacity. Healthy balance between these three factors in the state, the sugar-free urine.
If any one of three factors change, three out of balance, it may lead to positive urine sugar. In addition to diabetes, the disease which can also be caused by urine test positive for it?
1. Renal glucosuria: mainly due to kidney function is impaired glucose reabsorption, some sugar from urine leakage, caused by urine tests positive, but the blood sugar to normal, more common in chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, familial and neonatal diabetes such as diabetes. A small number of pregnant women have a temporary renal sugar diabetes appear to lower the threshold.
2. Endocrine glucosuria: with endocrine or metabolic diseases, and urine sugar often increased. Such as the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, the brain inside the anterior pituitary gland, such as hyperthyroidism, the urine sugar positive.
3. Stress glucosuria: bleeding in the brain, brain tumors, skull fractures, brain trauma, anesthesia and so on, these diseases are sometimes too high blood sugar will be temporary, with diabetes, with the condition of remission, blood sugar returned to normal, urine sugar to negative .
4. I had glucosuria: Some people eat too much in a short time if sugar, honey or fruit with high sugar content and so on, soon after intestinal absorption of sugar into the blood, so that increased concentrations of glucose, more than a renal glucose threshold, it will cause diabetes. When to stop eating these foods, then quickly negative urine sugar.
5. Urine sugar false positive: Some patients aminopyrine, caffeine, vitamin C, salicylic acid agents or adrenal cortex hormones, such as oral contraceptives often inhibit the body to release insulin, urine sugar was also false positive.
If any one of three factors change, three out of balance, it may lead to positive urine sugar. In addition to diabetes, the disease which can also be caused by urine test positive for it?
1. Renal glucosuria: mainly due to kidney function is impaired glucose reabsorption, some sugar from urine leakage, caused by urine tests positive, but the blood sugar to normal, more common in chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, familial and neonatal diabetes such as diabetes. A small number of pregnant women have a temporary renal sugar diabetes appear to lower the threshold.
2. Endocrine glucosuria: with endocrine or metabolic diseases, and urine sugar often increased. Such as the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, the brain inside the anterior pituitary gland, such as hyperthyroidism, the urine sugar positive.
3. Stress glucosuria: bleeding in the brain, brain tumors, skull fractures, brain trauma, anesthesia and so on, these diseases are sometimes too high blood sugar will be temporary, with diabetes, with the condition of remission, blood sugar returned to normal, urine sugar to negative .
4. I had glucosuria: Some people eat too much in a short time if sugar, honey or fruit with high sugar content and so on, soon after intestinal absorption of sugar into the blood, so that increased concentrations of glucose, more than a renal glucose threshold, it will cause diabetes. When to stop eating these foods, then quickly negative urine sugar.
5. Urine sugar false positive: Some patients aminopyrine, caffeine, vitamin C, salicylic acid agents or adrenal cortex hormones, such as oral contraceptives often inhibit the body to release insulin, urine sugar was also false positive.
The most commonly used, in the past, adult one-100g, in recent years, WHO proposed to use 75g (or whether adult or child per kg weight 1.75g, the tota
Tolerance test
For fasting blood glucose normal or slightly high occasional diabetes or diabetes in patients with suspected (if positive family history, or repeated miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, giant baby, childbirth, abortion by mothers, or repeated fat furuncle carbuncle swollen sores, etc.) need to be carried out glucose tolerance test. However, fasting blood glucose increased significantly while heavy dominant cases the diagnosis has been able to establish that a large number of glucose could increase the burden should be exemption.
OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)
The most commonly used, in the past, adult one-100g, in recent years, WHO proposed to use 75g (or whether adult or child per kg weight 1.75g, the total amount of not more than 75g) oral law. In oral glucose before and after 1 / 2, 1,2,3-hour blood samples measured sugar, urine specimens collected at the same time check urine sugar.
Results: The normal (age 15 ~ 50 years old) fasting blood glucose for 70 ~ 100mg/dl (glucose oxidase enzymes really sugar Law), sugar absorption peak at 30 ~ 60 minutes (more than 50 years of age after the shift), there is generally no more than 170mg/dl, 2 hPG concentration of the restoration of the normal range, three hours can be reduced to below normal. Negative urine sugar. 100g and 75g law is not very different compared to only the latter an early return to normal blood sugar. Impaired glucose tolerance over 50 years of age tend to reduce the physiological, in 1 hour and higher peak every 10-year-old increase in blood sugar 10mg/dl.
For fasting blood glucose normal or slightly high occasional diabetes or diabetes in patients with suspected (if positive family history, or repeated miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, giant baby, childbirth, abortion by mothers, or repeated fat furuncle carbuncle swollen sores, etc.) need to be carried out glucose tolerance test. However, fasting blood glucose increased significantly while heavy dominant cases the diagnosis has been able to establish that a large number of glucose could increase the burden should be exemption.
OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)
The most commonly used, in the past, adult one-100g, in recent years, WHO proposed to use 75g (or whether adult or child per kg weight 1.75g, the total amount of not more than 75g) oral law. In oral glucose before and after 1 / 2, 1,2,3-hour blood samples measured sugar, urine specimens collected at the same time check urine sugar.
Results: The normal (age 15 ~ 50 years old) fasting blood glucose for 70 ~ 100mg/dl (glucose oxidase enzymes really sugar Law), sugar absorption peak at 30 ~ 60 minutes (more than 50 years of age after the shift), there is generally no more than 170mg/dl, 2 hPG concentration of the restoration of the normal range, three hours can be reduced to below normal. Negative urine sugar. 100g and 75g law is not very different compared to only the latter an early return to normal blood sugar. Impaired glucose tolerance over 50 years of age tend to reduce the physiological, in 1 hour and higher peak every 10-year-old increase in blood sugar 10mg/dl.
Qualitative urine test can be diagnosed diabetes screening tests, urine routine examination is also an indicator.
What is a qualitative urine sugar (GLU) experiment
Qualitative urine test can be diagnosed diabetes screening tests, urine routine examination is also an indicator.
What is a qualitative urine sugar (GLU) clinical significance
As a result of improvement in living conditions, the incidence of diabetes on the rise, many people are doing urine routine examination often asked whether there would appear urine. When the occasional emergence of a determination of positive urine sugar, do not stress the need to tie in with the clinical symptoms and blood glucose test items such as checks before they can make a correct diagnosis.
Determination of positive urine results, when the tips you may be suffering from diabetes, hyperthyroidism, renal glucosuria, etc.; such as the determination of urine after repeated prompts for the negative, should be considered as a transient increase in urine, at this time can consider the following: large-scale importation of intravenous glucose, consuming a large number of carbohydrates, brain trauma, cerebral vascular accident, acute myocardial infarction can occur when a temporary diabetes, a one-time large number of carbohydrate ingestion of food, may be detected in urine urine sugar. Occasional emergence of urine sugar should be reviewed, to exclude certain interference, to find Endocrinology doctor to determine whether diabetes.
Positive urine can be divided into micro-,1-4 plus, plus more that the higher sugar content, because there are different results on the urine of that approach, Table 5 provides a plus sign and urine sugar concentrations relations.
Plus the relationship between concentration and urine sugar
Plus expression mg / 100 milliliters of urine mmol / or urine (the International System of Units)
Negative
Trace (trace)
A plus sign (+)
Two plus sign (+ +)
Three plus sign (+ + +)
Four plus sign (+ + + +) --
100mg/dl
250mg/dl
500mg/dl
1000mg/dl
2000mg/dl NEGATIVE
5.5mmol / L
14mmol / L
28mmol / L
55mmol / L
110mmol / L
The use of urine analyzer determined the outcome of the urine, the general use of the maximum value of> 55mmol / L or> 1000mg/dl said.
Qualitative urine test can be diagnosed diabetes screening tests, urine routine examination is also an indicator.
What is a qualitative urine sugar (GLU) clinical significance
As a result of improvement in living conditions, the incidence of diabetes on the rise, many people are doing urine routine examination often asked whether there would appear urine. When the occasional emergence of a determination of positive urine sugar, do not stress the need to tie in with the clinical symptoms and blood glucose test items such as checks before they can make a correct diagnosis.
Determination of positive urine results, when the tips you may be suffering from diabetes, hyperthyroidism, renal glucosuria, etc.; such as the determination of urine after repeated prompts for the negative, should be considered as a transient increase in urine, at this time can consider the following: large-scale importation of intravenous glucose, consuming a large number of carbohydrates, brain trauma, cerebral vascular accident, acute myocardial infarction can occur when a temporary diabetes, a one-time large number of carbohydrate ingestion of food, may be detected in urine urine sugar. Occasional emergence of urine sugar should be reviewed, to exclude certain interference, to find Endocrinology doctor to determine whether diabetes.
Positive urine can be divided into micro-,1-4 plus, plus more that the higher sugar content, because there are different results on the urine of that approach, Table 5 provides a plus sign and urine sugar concentrations relations.
Plus the relationship between concentration and urine sugar
Plus expression mg / 100 milliliters of urine mmol / or urine (the International System of Units)
Negative
Trace (trace)
A plus sign (+)
Two plus sign (+ +)
Three plus sign (+ + +)
Four plus sign (+ + + +) --
100mg/dl
250mg/dl
500mg/dl
1000mg/dl
2000mg/dl NEGATIVE
5.5mmol / L
14mmol / L
28mmol / L
55mmol / L
110mmol / L
The use of urine analyzer determined the outcome of the urine, the general use of the maximum value of> 55mmol / L or> 1000mg/dl said.
Glycosylated hemoglobin was actually referring to the glucose glycosylated hemoglobin (ie hemoglobin), by measuring blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concept
Glycosylated hemoglobin was actually referring to the glucose glycosylated hemoglobin (ie hemoglobin), by measuring blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, may reflect a diabetic in the past few months and the bad state of diabetes control .
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) The clinical significance of
Glycosylated hemoglobin is hexose (mainly glucose) and the combination of the formation of hemoglobin, the reaction in the red blood cell survival has always been carried out within 120 days, and not subject to the impact of blood glucose concentration, therefore, glycated hemoglobin can be detected before the 120 days reflects the average blood glucose level , and with the blood of time, whether the patient is fasting, is it not related to the use of insulin and other factors are considered long-term control of diabetes to determine a good indicator of the U.S. National Diabetes Association recommends that diabetic patients clearly should have regular testing glycosylated hemoglobin.
Strict control of blood glucose of patients (HbA1c <8%) can:
● retinopathy dropped 76% ● kidney disease dropped 56% ● nervous system lesions decreased 60% ● cardiovascular disease declined 41% ● Hb1Ac every 1 percent decline in microvascular complications can lead to decline 35%
HbA1c and the relationship between average blood glucose level
HbA1c
The average blood sugar level
% Level mg / dl mmol / L
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Significantly increased, we must
To take relevant measures 360
330
300
270
20
18.3
16.7
15
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
Rise, should be taken
The measures
240
210
13.3
11.7
8.0
7.5
7.0 mildly elevated,
Effective control of diabetes
The goal of
180
150
10
8.3
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
Normal range
120
90
60
6.7
5
3.3
Glycosylated hemoglobin was actually referring to the glucose glycosylated hemoglobin (ie hemoglobin), by measuring blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, may reflect a diabetic in the past few months and the bad state of diabetes control .
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) The clinical significance of
Glycosylated hemoglobin is hexose (mainly glucose) and the combination of the formation of hemoglobin, the reaction in the red blood cell survival has always been carried out within 120 days, and not subject to the impact of blood glucose concentration, therefore, glycated hemoglobin can be detected before the 120 days reflects the average blood glucose level , and with the blood of time, whether the patient is fasting, is it not related to the use of insulin and other factors are considered long-term control of diabetes to determine a good indicator of the U.S. National Diabetes Association recommends that diabetic patients clearly should have regular testing glycosylated hemoglobin.
Strict control of blood glucose of patients (HbA1c <8%) can:
● retinopathy dropped 76% ● kidney disease dropped 56% ● nervous system lesions decreased 60% ● cardiovascular disease declined 41% ● Hb1Ac every 1 percent decline in microvascular complications can lead to decline 35%
HbA1c and the relationship between average blood glucose level
HbA1c
The average blood sugar level
% Level mg / dl mmol / L
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Significantly increased, we must
To take relevant measures 360
330
300
270
20
18.3
16.7
15
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
Rise, should be taken
The measures
240
210
13.3
11.7
8.0
7.5
7.0 mildly elevated,
Effective control of diabetes
The goal of
180
150
10
8.3
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
Normal range
120
90
60
6.7
5
3.3
Glucose tolerance is the body's glucose tolerance. 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, more than normal 7.8mmol / L, it has still not reached 11.1mmol
Glucose tolerance is the body's glucose tolerance. 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, more than normal 7.8mmol / L, it has still not reached 11.1mmol / L of diabetes diagnostic criteria (or elevated fasting glucose, diabetes does not meet the diagnostic criteria, namely fasting blood glucose in between 6.2 ~ 7.0) that impaired glucose tolerance (or impaired fasting glucose). This situation can be said to be a normal state over to the diabetes, which some people although it is not diabetes, but the future risk of type 2 diabetes is very high, it can be said that the reserve army of diabetes. According to the study reported that 5-8% this year patients will develop into type 2 diabetes. In addition patients with cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction, angina is also greatly increased the danger.
Human blood sugar levels throughout the day with food, activities, etc. There are fluctuations in general at the time of fasting blood glucose level is more constant. In vivo secretion of insulin and blood glucose number is closely related to increased blood sugar, increase insulin secretion; blood sugar dropped, reducing insulin secretion. The number of insulin secretion, with the body's physiological needs automatically, so that the body glucose levels are maintained within the normal range. This shows that the human body to glucose tolerance have a strong ability, known as the human body normal glucose tolerance. Clinical use of oral or intravenous methods, to a certain amount of glucose to help check the situation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, saying it was a glucose tolerance test.
When oral or intravenous injection of a certain amount of glucose and diabetic patients (or the disease) of islet β-cell secretion of insulin to deal with the ability of glucose, has shown that as normal as quickly and effectively, and in two hours after OGTT, blood glucose over 7.8 mmol / L (140 mg / dL) or more, increased blood glucose, abnormal glucose tolerance curve, this state is called impaired glucose tolerance.
The reduction of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes does not mean that there is a certain scope. However, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes-prone than normal, which should be highly vigilant.
Human blood sugar levels throughout the day with food, activities, etc. There are fluctuations in general at the time of fasting blood glucose level is more constant. In vivo secretion of insulin and blood glucose number is closely related to increased blood sugar, increase insulin secretion; blood sugar dropped, reducing insulin secretion. The number of insulin secretion, with the body's physiological needs automatically, so that the body glucose levels are maintained within the normal range. This shows that the human body to glucose tolerance have a strong ability, known as the human body normal glucose tolerance. Clinical use of oral or intravenous methods, to a certain amount of glucose to help check the situation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, saying it was a glucose tolerance test.
When oral or intravenous injection of a certain amount of glucose and diabetic patients (or the disease) of islet β-cell secretion of insulin to deal with the ability of glucose, has shown that as normal as quickly and effectively, and in two hours after OGTT, blood glucose over 7.8 mmol / L (140 mg / dL) or more, increased blood glucose, abnormal glucose tolerance curve, this state is called impaired glucose tolerance.
The reduction of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes does not mean that there is a certain scope. However, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes-prone than normal, which should be highly vigilant.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma referred to as hyperosmolar coma for diabetes a rare and severe acute complications. Is a rare, severe acute com
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma outlined
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma referred to as hyperosmolar coma for diabetes a rare and severe acute complications. Is a rare, severe acute complications of diabetes, its main clinical features of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, plasma osmolality increased without obvious ketoacidosis. Often in patients with disturbance of consciousness or coma. High case-fatality rate of this disease should be sufficient vigilance and timely diagnosis and effective treatment.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma diagnosis
1, the slow onset, often induced by disease or symptoms associated with the incidence overshadowed easy delaying diagnosis;
2, early first polydipsia, polyuria, and more food instead of little or loss of appetite, it is often ignored, much higher than the urine into the water;
3, severe dehydration cell disease, characterized by:
① nervous system symptoms: such as irritability, lethargy, hallucinations, convulsions, etc., and finally fell into a coma;
② severe dehydration, there is no corresponding decrease in urine and even showed polyuria;
③ circulatory failure neurological symptoms than the relatively light.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma treatment
Should be immediately in the emergency room for treatment, his condition to allow the admission or the treatment of ICU wards.
1, active rehydration:
Shock, and given saline and colloid (plasma, etc.) solution, as soon as possible to correct shock; no shock or shock has been corrected, plasma osmolality> 350moSm / L, could be in intensive care under the infusion of hypotonic 0.45% sodium chloride solution; plasma osmolality fell to 330 moSm / L, then changed to such exudate.
2, application of insulin:
2-6U / h intravenous drip, blood glucose decreased gradually to prevent the decline in excessive lead to cerebral edema. Reduced blood glucose 16.7mmol / L, the change lose 5% glucose plus insulin, according to its proportion of insulin: glucose = 1u :3-4g..
3, to maintain electrolyte balance:
Potassium <5mmol began potassium, so potassium is maintained at the 4-5mmol / L.
4, removing the incentive treatment, and pay attention to monitoring life disease, blood, urine sugar, electrolytes, BUN, etc..
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma prevention
1, early to detect, correct and reasonable treatment of diabetes.
2, usually pay attention to drinking water.
3, the law of life, appropriate exercise.
4, to strengthen the blood glucose testing.
5, the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment, infection control is the key to reducing mortality.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma referred to as hyperosmolar coma for diabetes a rare and severe acute complications. Is a rare, severe acute complications of diabetes, its main clinical features of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, plasma osmolality increased without obvious ketoacidosis. Often in patients with disturbance of consciousness or coma. High case-fatality rate of this disease should be sufficient vigilance and timely diagnosis and effective treatment.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma diagnosis
1, the slow onset, often induced by disease or symptoms associated with the incidence overshadowed easy delaying diagnosis;
2, early first polydipsia, polyuria, and more food instead of little or loss of appetite, it is often ignored, much higher than the urine into the water;
3, severe dehydration cell disease, characterized by:
① nervous system symptoms: such as irritability, lethargy, hallucinations, convulsions, etc., and finally fell into a coma;
② severe dehydration, there is no corresponding decrease in urine and even showed polyuria;
③ circulatory failure neurological symptoms than the relatively light.
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma treatment
Should be immediately in the emergency room for treatment, his condition to allow the admission or the treatment of ICU wards.
1, active rehydration:
Shock, and given saline and colloid (plasma, etc.) solution, as soon as possible to correct shock; no shock or shock has been corrected, plasma osmolality> 350moSm / L, could be in intensive care under the infusion of hypotonic 0.45% sodium chloride solution; plasma osmolality fell to 330 moSm / L, then changed to such exudate.
2, application of insulin:
2-6U / h intravenous drip, blood glucose decreased gradually to prevent the decline in excessive lead to cerebral edema. Reduced blood glucose 16.7mmol / L, the change lose 5% glucose plus insulin, according to its proportion of insulin: glucose = 1u :3-4g..
3, to maintain electrolyte balance:
Potassium <5mmol began potassium, so potassium is maintained at the 4-5mmol / L.
4, removing the incentive treatment, and pay attention to monitoring life disease, blood, urine sugar, electrolytes, BUN, etc..
Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma prevention
1, early to detect, correct and reasonable treatment of diabetes.
2, usually pay attention to drinking water.
3, the law of life, appropriate exercise.
4, to strengthen the blood glucose testing.
5, the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment, infection control is the key to reducing mortality.
Insulin analogues (also known as insulin-derivative) is to use artificial means to change the genetic structure of insulin, the insulin and human insu
The concept of insulin analogues
Insulin analogues (also known as insulin-derivative) is to use artificial means to change the genetic structure of insulin, the insulin and human insulin a few amino acid differences, thus leading to its physical and chemical properties change, but without changing its biological Hypoglycemic characteristics. At present, there are mainly two drugs, one is the ultra-short effect of insulin analogues, and the other is ultra-long-acting insulin analogue.
Compared to insulin and insulin analogues What are the advantages of
Insulin analogues compared with human insulin, has many benefits:
1. Take effect quickly and avoid the effect of human insulin takes 30 ~ 60 minutes, 30 minutes must be hors d'administration shortcomings, only 15 minutes neighboring preprandial injection, or in the meal that is at the same time the role of short duration .
2. Closer to the physical therapy, and long-acting insulin analogue joint applications, three meals a day when the injection of short-acting analogues and bedtime glycididazole injection of insulin, diabetes can help to more accurately simulate the normal physiological state of insulin metabolism, in order to maximize blood glucose control in the normal range, and not easy to cause the occurrence of hypoglycemia.
3. Peak onset time and peak postprandial blood glucose simultaneously, and better control of postprandial hyperglycemia.
4. A significant reduction in night-time attack of hypoglycemia. A 518 patients with type 2 diabetes to participate in clinical trials show that on the 1st of the 1st glycididazole NPH insulin efficacy and considerable, but the incidence of hypoglycemia were 31.3% and 40.2%. Another three studies found that a total of 780 type 1 diabetes patients 0 ~ 6:00 of the cases of hypoglycemia, insulin lispro significantly less than human insulin, Meta analysis of 72 patients with two drugs that occurred after injection of low blood sugar reactions, respectively, 102 times and 131 times (P = 0.024).
5. Can reduce the sugar together hemoglobin (HbA1c), to achieve <7 percent target.
6. Injection site of drug absorption than the stability of the changes in individual as well as the differences between individual smaller variability absorbed a very significant improvement. In addition, large doses of insulin injections may be formed in the subcutaneous storage, efficacy and duration difficult to predict, and the recurrence of such a phenomenon rarely analogues.
7. Bedtime glargine injected with the combined use of oral hypoglycemic agents, type 2 diabetes will improve glycemic control, and more than is usually easier to achieve the desired cost-saving goals.
8. Oral adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiencies in patients with diabetes are often dealing with impaired postprandial blood glucose, glucocorticoids can inhibit the secretion of insulin and increase gluconeogenesis, reduce peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. However, insulin analogues may change this drawbacks.
9. Analogs not to activate the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1), less-mediated multiplier effect.
Insulin analogues (also known as insulin-derivative) is to use artificial means to change the genetic structure of insulin, the insulin and human insulin a few amino acid differences, thus leading to its physical and chemical properties change, but without changing its biological Hypoglycemic characteristics. At present, there are mainly two drugs, one is the ultra-short effect of insulin analogues, and the other is ultra-long-acting insulin analogue.
Compared to insulin and insulin analogues What are the advantages of
Insulin analogues compared with human insulin, has many benefits:
1. Take effect quickly and avoid the effect of human insulin takes 30 ~ 60 minutes, 30 minutes must be hors d'administration shortcomings, only 15 minutes neighboring preprandial injection, or in the meal that is at the same time the role of short duration .
2. Closer to the physical therapy, and long-acting insulin analogue joint applications, three meals a day when the injection of short-acting analogues and bedtime glycididazole injection of insulin, diabetes can help to more accurately simulate the normal physiological state of insulin metabolism, in order to maximize blood glucose control in the normal range, and not easy to cause the occurrence of hypoglycemia.
3. Peak onset time and peak postprandial blood glucose simultaneously, and better control of postprandial hyperglycemia.
4. A significant reduction in night-time attack of hypoglycemia. A 518 patients with type 2 diabetes to participate in clinical trials show that on the 1st of the 1st glycididazole NPH insulin efficacy and considerable, but the incidence of hypoglycemia were 31.3% and 40.2%. Another three studies found that a total of 780 type 1 diabetes patients 0 ~ 6:00 of the cases of hypoglycemia, insulin lispro significantly less than human insulin, Meta analysis of 72 patients with two drugs that occurred after injection of low blood sugar reactions, respectively, 102 times and 131 times (P = 0.024).
5. Can reduce the sugar together hemoglobin (HbA1c), to achieve <7 percent target.
6. Injection site of drug absorption than the stability of the changes in individual as well as the differences between individual smaller variability absorbed a very significant improvement. In addition, large doses of insulin injections may be formed in the subcutaneous storage, efficacy and duration difficult to predict, and the recurrence of such a phenomenon rarely analogues.
7. Bedtime glargine injected with the combined use of oral hypoglycemic agents, type 2 diabetes will improve glycemic control, and more than is usually easier to achieve the desired cost-saving goals.
8. Oral adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiencies in patients with diabetes are often dealing with impaired postprandial blood glucose, glucocorticoids can inhibit the secretion of insulin and increase gluconeogenesis, reduce peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. However, insulin analogues may change this drawbacks.
9. Analogs not to activate the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1), less-mediated multiplier effect.
Diabetes is genetic so far the scientific community does not have a clear view, but after decades of research, agreed that diabetes is more than one c
Diabetes is genetic so far the scientific community does not have a clear view, but after decades of research, agreed that diabetes is more than one cause of the syndrome. Because the relatives of diabetes patients in the incidence of diabetes than non-diabetic relatives of high, so that a genetic tendency to diabetes. Experiments show that the genetic probability of type 1 diabetes must be less than the type 2 diabetes, if both parents are diabetic, and his son is not 100 percent generation are suffering from diabetes, only 5 percent have diabetes, if only one parent has diabetes, you son of a generation suffering from less chance of diabetes, and often generational genetic. Diabetes is not a single gene genetic genetic, but multi-gene mutation. Diabetes is not hereditary and the disease itself, but the susceptibility to diabetes, there must be some environmental factors to the occurrence of diabetes. Diabetes-induced factors are: infection, obesity, reduced physical activity, pregnancy and environmental factors.
The probability of genetic diabetes
The highest incidence of children is: It depends on the type of diabetes. If the child's father suffers from type 1 diabetes and has been dependent on insulin or is he at a young age diagnosed with diabetes, then the probability that genetic seventeenth. However, if the child's mother is suffering from type 1 diabetes, but when a child less than 25 years of age, genetic risk of only twenty fifth. If the mother is over 25 years of age after the child born, genetic probability will be reduced to one hundredth. However, if both parents suffer from type 1 diabetes, genetic probability will be raised to a quarter. Type 2 diabetes is a weight associated with diabetes, has a higher hereditary. If the parents are either suffering from type 2 diabetes, genetic chance in between the seventh and thirteenth; However, if both parents are type 2 diabetes, genetic chance to raise to one-half. In fact, these have a family history of type 2 diabetes for a child only if he also overweight when that danger is near. May now, the phenomenon of child obesity becomes more extensive, therefore, people with type 2 diabetes the number of children are increasing. Both types of diabetes exist trigger heart disease, kidney disease, neurological problems and the risk of vision loss.
The best preventive measures: Some studies have shown that breastfeeding has been to the baby and in his six months later to add a little food supplement can reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes probability. For type 2 diabetes is concerned, it is necessary to ensure that children receive adequate physical exercise, so as to avoid the accumulation of fat to ensure that the child's diet rich in nutrition, eat more fruits, vegetables, whole wheat food, children eat more vegetable oil (olive oil, etc.). These reasonable precautions will achieve greater results. The experts recommended that the best limit their children's consumption of refined starchy foods, such as potatoes and refined flour. If children are overweight, and family history of diabetes, the best in the 10-year-old child after the adoption of a blood test to determine whether he is suffering from type 2 diabetes.
The probability of genetic diabetes
The highest incidence of children is: It depends on the type of diabetes. If the child's father suffers from type 1 diabetes and has been dependent on insulin or is he at a young age diagnosed with diabetes, then the probability that genetic seventeenth. However, if the child's mother is suffering from type 1 diabetes, but when a child less than 25 years of age, genetic risk of only twenty fifth. If the mother is over 25 years of age after the child born, genetic probability will be reduced to one hundredth. However, if both parents suffer from type 1 diabetes, genetic probability will be raised to a quarter. Type 2 diabetes is a weight associated with diabetes, has a higher hereditary. If the parents are either suffering from type 2 diabetes, genetic chance in between the seventh and thirteenth; However, if both parents are type 2 diabetes, genetic chance to raise to one-half. In fact, these have a family history of type 2 diabetes for a child only if he also overweight when that danger is near. May now, the phenomenon of child obesity becomes more extensive, therefore, people with type 2 diabetes the number of children are increasing. Both types of diabetes exist trigger heart disease, kidney disease, neurological problems and the risk of vision loss.
The best preventive measures: Some studies have shown that breastfeeding has been to the baby and in his six months later to add a little food supplement can reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes probability. For type 2 diabetes is concerned, it is necessary to ensure that children receive adequate physical exercise, so as to avoid the accumulation of fat to ensure that the child's diet rich in nutrition, eat more fruits, vegetables, whole wheat food, children eat more vegetable oil (olive oil, etc.). These reasonable precautions will achieve greater results. The experts recommended that the best limit their children's consumption of refined starchy foods, such as potatoes and refined flour. If children are overweight, and family history of diabetes, the best in the 10-year-old child after the adoption of a blood test to determine whether he is suffering from type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistance refers normal quantity insulin insufficient generate adipocyte, muscle cells and liver cells normal insulin respond situation.
Insulin resistance concept
Insulin resistance refers normal quantity insulin insufficient generate adipocyte, muscle cells and liver cells normal insulin respond situation. In fat intracellular, insulin resistance lead stored triglycerides hydrolysis, thus improving plasma freely fatty acids. In muscle intracellular, insulin resistance lowering glucose absorption; while in liver intracellular reduce glucose reserves, whichever common lead glucose content enhanced. Insulin resistance caused plasma high insulin and high sugar content often resulted metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
What people easily arise insulin resistance
1, there type 2 diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction family history;
2, waist circumference, hip ratio greater than 0.85;
3, hypertension;
4, homoharringtonine triacylglycerol;
5, hyperuricemia;
6, fatty liver.
Insulin resistance refers normal quantity insulin insufficient generate adipocyte, muscle cells and liver cells normal insulin respond situation. In fat intracellular, insulin resistance lead stored triglycerides hydrolysis, thus improving plasma freely fatty acids. In muscle intracellular, insulin resistance lowering glucose absorption; while in liver intracellular reduce glucose reserves, whichever common lead glucose content enhanced. Insulin resistance caused plasma high insulin and high sugar content often resulted metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
What people easily arise insulin resistance
1, there type 2 diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction family history;
2, waist circumference, hip ratio greater than 0.85;
3, hypertension;
4, homoharringtonine triacylglycerol;
5, hyperuricemia;
6, fatty liver.
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is defined as overnight fasting (at least 8-10 hours are not into any kind of food, except drinking water), the breakfast
What is a fasting blood glucose
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is defined as overnight fasting (at least 8-10 hours are not into any kind of food, except drinking water), the breakfast before the adoption of the blood, the testing of blood sugar level, the most commonly used for detection of diabetes indicators, reaction islet B cell function, the general representative of the basis of insulin secretion function.
The normal range of fasting blood glucose values
Normal fasting blood glucose value of 3.9-6.1mmol / L; such as greater than 6.1 and less than 7.0mmol / L for impaired fasting glucose; such as greater than or equal to 7.0mmol / L to consider diabetes; such as blood glucose less than 2.8mmol / L , and corresponding clinical symptoms known as "low blood sugar."
The clinical significance of fasting blood glucose
1 higher: mainly seen in diabetes. Also can be seen in the acral Widal, gigantism, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, central disease, dehydration, lack of oxygen suffocation, emotional stress, pregnancy, exercise, etc.
2 lower: in the B cell tumor of the pancreas, functionality excessive insulin secretion, insulin or other hypoglycemic drug dosage excessive hypothyroidism, severe hepatitis, cirrhosis, chronic malnutrition, alcoholism and so on.
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is defined as overnight fasting (at least 8-10 hours are not into any kind of food, except drinking water), the breakfast before the adoption of the blood, the testing of blood sugar level, the most commonly used for detection of diabetes indicators, reaction islet B cell function, the general representative of the basis of insulin secretion function.
The normal range of fasting blood glucose values
Normal fasting blood glucose value of 3.9-6.1mmol / L; such as greater than 6.1 and less than 7.0mmol / L for impaired fasting glucose; such as greater than or equal to 7.0mmol / L to consider diabetes; such as blood glucose less than 2.8mmol / L , and corresponding clinical symptoms known as "low blood sugar."
The clinical significance of fasting blood glucose
1 higher: mainly seen in diabetes. Also can be seen in the acral Widal, gigantism, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, central disease, dehydration, lack of oxygen suffocation, emotional stress, pregnancy, exercise, etc.
2 lower: in the B cell tumor of the pancreas, functionality excessive insulin secretion, insulin or other hypoglycemic drug dosage excessive hypothyroidism, severe hepatitis, cirrhosis, chronic malnutrition, alcoholism and so on.
The concept of diabetic eye disease Diabetes can damage the eyes behind the very small blood vessels. This damage medical name is diabetic retinopathy
The concept of diabetic eye disease
Diabetes can damage the eyes behind the very small blood vessels. This damage medical name is diabetic retinopathy. The disease can lead to vision loss and even blindness. Whether you're suffering from what type of diabetes, what is the age, or even what kind of methods used to control your blood sugar level, if you have diabetes, you have a result of diabetic retinopathy resulting in the risk of vision loss . This is what you should regularly check the reasons for the eye. In the first doctors to determine when you have diabetes for a check, and then, after at least once every two years.
How to prevent the occurrence of diabetic eye disease
You need to follow three simple steps to take care of your eyes and help you to prevent vision loss.
Step 1: Control your blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
Step 2: your eyes regularly checked to identify the early signs of damage.
Step 3: If in case of damage, the treatment can only prevent such a situation continues to deteriorate.
Diabetic eye disease of visual impact
First of all, you see things as usual
Then you will be blurred vision, distorted, or hash of; and this situation is not there are degrees of lens correction.
You may find the focus on, reading, watching television and identifying faces feel there are difficulties.
You may be highly sensitive to strong sunlight.
You may see things at night difficult.
For want on the prevention of diabetic retinopathy because of vision loss led to further information, please obtain Dr. Xiang Nide.
Diabetes can damage the eyes behind the very small blood vessels. This damage medical name is diabetic retinopathy. The disease can lead to vision loss and even blindness. Whether you're suffering from what type of diabetes, what is the age, or even what kind of methods used to control your blood sugar level, if you have diabetes, you have a result of diabetic retinopathy resulting in the risk of vision loss . This is what you should regularly check the reasons for the eye. In the first doctors to determine when you have diabetes for a check, and then, after at least once every two years.
How to prevent the occurrence of diabetic eye disease
You need to follow three simple steps to take care of your eyes and help you to prevent vision loss.
Step 1: Control your blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
Step 2: your eyes regularly checked to identify the early signs of damage.
Step 3: If in case of damage, the treatment can only prevent such a situation continues to deteriorate.
Diabetic eye disease of visual impact
First of all, you see things as usual
Then you will be blurred vision, distorted, or hash of; and this situation is not there are degrees of lens correction.
You may find the focus on, reading, watching television and identifying faces feel there are difficulties.
You may be highly sensitive to strong sunlight.
You may see things at night difficult.
For want on the prevention of diabetic retinopathy because of vision loss led to further information, please obtain Dr. Xiang Nide.
Type 1 diabetes (childhood diabetes) patients during the management of illness
Type 1 diabetes (childhood diabetes) patients during the management of illness
1. To continue as usual to use insulin.
2. Illness can not stop using insulin or reduce their dosage. During illness, the majority of the need to increase insulin dose.
3. Contact your doctor or diabetes nurse, listen to their views on about the increase in short-acting (transparent) insulin dose advice. You might also need to increase the number of insulin injections, for example: every two hours using the 2-4 unit.
4. In accordance with loss of appetite, eating your body will accept food.
5. If you can not eat a lot of general dinner, you can in a day regularly and eat low-fat interval fast food, such as: bake bread, crackers, rice, soup, low fat蛋糊or ice cream.
6. If you eat food, they need to drink some fluid every few minutes, because high blood glucose levels, vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration city.
7. If your blood glucose values exceeding 12 mmol / l, would have to drink unsweetened liquid, such as: water, broth, weak West tea, or low-calorie lemonade.
8. If your blood sugar level below 12 mmol / l, drink sweet liquid, such as: ordinary lemonade, sugar cold goods, or apple juice.
9. Increase the number of blood glucose testing, for example: every 2-4 hours, and a note of all the test results.
10. Every time urination should be checked for the presence of ketones.
11. If the following conditions, we will have to contact your doctor or to the hospital.
Your blood glucose levels continued to exceed 17 mmol / l
There are in the urine to a large number of ketones
After eating or drinking water in the inter-dumping carved out
12. There is a person diabetes, high blood glucose levels can lead to serious situation called ketoacidosis, poisoning the urine where there are quite a number or a large number of ketones.
Other symptoms may also appear in your body, such as:
Is not breathing smoothly
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Breathing with sweet fruit smell
Doze off
Belonging to Chinese medicine for more than emergencies. If you have the above cases, shall immediately contact your doctor or go to the hospital's emergency department for treatment.
Type 2 diabetes (diabetic children) during the management of sick patients
1. If you have drugs or insulin, to be business as usual to continue.
2. If you can not eat a lot of general dinner, you can in a day regularly and eat low-fat interval fast food, such as: bake bread, crackers, rice, soup, low fat or蛋糊Ice Age Lam.
3. Drink plenty of fluids. If you eat food, they need to drink some fluid every few minutes, because high blood glucose levels, vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration city.
4. If your blood sugar level below 15 mmol / l, drink sweet liquid, such as: ordinary lemonade, apple juice, sugar goods cold, sweet coffee or tea West.
5. If your blood glucose values exceeding 15 mmol / l, would have to drink unsweetened liquid, such as: water, mineral water, low-calorie lemonade, weak tea or broth West.
6. To increase the frequency of testing blood sugar, for example: every 2-4 hours, and a note of all the test results.
7. If the following conditions, we will have to contact your doctor or go to hospital emergency departments for treatment:
Your blood glucose levels continued to exceed 17 mmol / l
After eating or drinking water in the inter-dumping carved out
Doze off
1. To continue as usual to use insulin.
2. Illness can not stop using insulin or reduce their dosage. During illness, the majority of the need to increase insulin dose.
3. Contact your doctor or diabetes nurse, listen to their views on about the increase in short-acting (transparent) insulin dose advice. You might also need to increase the number of insulin injections, for example: every two hours using the 2-4 unit.
4. In accordance with loss of appetite, eating your body will accept food.
5. If you can not eat a lot of general dinner, you can in a day regularly and eat low-fat interval fast food, such as: bake bread, crackers, rice, soup, low fat蛋糊or ice cream.
6. If you eat food, they need to drink some fluid every few minutes, because high blood glucose levels, vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration city.
7. If your blood glucose values exceeding 12 mmol / l, would have to drink unsweetened liquid, such as: water, broth, weak West tea, or low-calorie lemonade.
8. If your blood sugar level below 12 mmol / l, drink sweet liquid, such as: ordinary lemonade, sugar cold goods, or apple juice.
9. Increase the number of blood glucose testing, for example: every 2-4 hours, and a note of all the test results.
10. Every time urination should be checked for the presence of ketones.
11. If the following conditions, we will have to contact your doctor or to the hospital.
Your blood glucose levels continued to exceed 17 mmol / l
There are in the urine to a large number of ketones
After eating or drinking water in the inter-dumping carved out
12. There is a person diabetes, high blood glucose levels can lead to serious situation called ketoacidosis, poisoning the urine where there are quite a number or a large number of ketones.
Other symptoms may also appear in your body, such as:
Is not breathing smoothly
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Breathing with sweet fruit smell
Doze off
Belonging to Chinese medicine for more than emergencies. If you have the above cases, shall immediately contact your doctor or go to the hospital's emergency department for treatment.
Type 2 diabetes (diabetic children) during the management of sick patients
1. If you have drugs or insulin, to be business as usual to continue.
2. If you can not eat a lot of general dinner, you can in a day regularly and eat low-fat interval fast food, such as: bake bread, crackers, rice, soup, low fat or蛋糊Ice Age Lam.
3. Drink plenty of fluids. If you eat food, they need to drink some fluid every few minutes, because high blood glucose levels, vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration city.
4. If your blood sugar level below 15 mmol / l, drink sweet liquid, such as: ordinary lemonade, apple juice, sugar goods cold, sweet coffee or tea West.
5. If your blood glucose values exceeding 15 mmol / l, would have to drink unsweetened liquid, such as: water, mineral water, low-calorie lemonade, weak tea or broth West.
6. To increase the frequency of testing blood sugar, for example: every 2-4 hours, and a note of all the test results.
7. If the following conditions, we will have to contact your doctor or go to hospital emergency departments for treatment:
Your blood glucose levels continued to exceed 17 mmol / l
After eating or drinking water in the inter-dumping carved out
Doze off
Hypoglycemia prevention methods Please at the scheduled time and to avoid patronizing patronizing.
Hypoglycemia prevention methods
Please at the scheduled time and to avoid patronizing patronizing.
To ensure that each meal contains enough food for meals carbohydrates (starch).
If you drink, please also eat some carbohydrates (starch) snacks such as: biscuits or bread.
If it is willing to physical exertion, please eat contain carbohydrates (starch) foods.
Find the causes of low blood sugar dropped. You may need to reduce the amount of insulin or pills.
Please at the scheduled time and to avoid patronizing patronizing.
To ensure that each meal contains enough food for meals carbohydrates (starch).
If you drink, please also eat some carbohydrates (starch) snacks such as: biscuits or bread.
If it is willing to physical exertion, please eat contain carbohydrates (starch) foods.
Find the causes of low blood sugar dropped. You may need to reduce the amount of insulin or pills.
If your blood sugar level is too low (usually less than 4.0mmol / l), will show the phenomenon of low blood sugar. This phenomenon can only occur in..
Hypoglycemia
If your blood sugar level is too low (usually less than 4.0mmol / l), will show the phenomenon of low blood sugar. This phenomenon can only occur in taking some kind of pill or injection of insulin during the period.
The symptoms of hypoglycemia
You may like the next or more sudden symptoms:
- Shivering
- Dizziness
- Hunger
- Rapid heart beat
- Mouth and lips are tingling
- Fatigue or weakness
- Headache
If we do not re-treatment or lower blood sugar may occur the following phenomena:
- Delirium
- Drunk as a move
- Speech fuzzy
- Dozed off unconscious to syncope
The cause of hypoglycemia
- Delays or non-meal
- Do not eat enough water containing carbon compounds (starch) foods
- Too much insulin or pills
- To drink and eat other food
- Movement of excessive eating and not enough food
Hypoglycemia encountered on how to handle
Quickly into sugar or sugary foods, such as:
5-7 tablets of soft sweets
1 cup sweet drinks
1 cup fruit juice 2-4 teaspoons of sugar or honey
5-10 minutes later if not feel better, you can eat some. After eat some carbohydrate (starch) foods such as:
1 fruit
1 cup milk
1 sandwich
2-4 pieces of biscuits or if patronizing time, please immediately patronizing.
If patients with coma, how to deal with: (This is not common)
I can not be used to give food or liquids
Placement in patients with lateral
Call ambulances
Your family members can also be injected for you called '' Glucagon 'injection drug to increase blood glucose levels. If there is such a need, please consult your doctor.
If your blood sugar level is too low (usually less than 4.0mmol / l), will show the phenomenon of low blood sugar. This phenomenon can only occur in taking some kind of pill or injection of insulin during the period.
The symptoms of hypoglycemia
You may like the next or more sudden symptoms:
- Shivering
- Dizziness
- Hunger
- Rapid heart beat
- Mouth and lips are tingling
- Fatigue or weakness
- Headache
If we do not re-treatment or lower blood sugar may occur the following phenomena:
- Delirium
- Drunk as a move
- Speech fuzzy
- Dozed off unconscious to syncope
The cause of hypoglycemia
- Delays or non-meal
- Do not eat enough water containing carbon compounds (starch) foods
- Too much insulin or pills
- To drink and eat other food
- Movement of excessive eating and not enough food
Hypoglycemia encountered on how to handle
Quickly into sugar or sugary foods, such as:
5-7 tablets of soft sweets
1 cup sweet drinks
1 cup fruit juice 2-4 teaspoons of sugar or honey
5-10 minutes later if not feel better, you can eat some. After eat some carbohydrate (starch) foods such as:
1 fruit
1 cup milk
1 sandwich
2-4 pieces of biscuits or if patronizing time, please immediately patronizing.
If patients with coma, how to deal with: (This is not common)
I can not be used to give food or liquids
Placement in patients with lateral
Call ambulances
Your family members can also be injected for you called '' Glucagon 'injection drug to increase blood glucose levels. If there is such a need, please consult your doctor.
What is Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic kidney damage, is due to the kidney filtration system of small blood vessels, or to connect the system of small
What is Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic kidney damage, is due to the kidney filtration system of small blood vessels, or to connect the system of small blood vessels from vascular changes. The process of no pain and can not be found, including the doctor for medical checks.
In any case, early detection of kidney damage is possible. It is to pass the test leak into the urine from the kidney in a protein called ALBUMIN weight. Method is used in the laboratory to test a special test strip.
If found to have kidney damage, a number of ACE inhibitor hypertension Pharmacy, will help protect the kidneys of diabetic avoid more damage.
Patients with diabetic nephropathy on the impact of
Have diabetes than people without diabetes, have a higher ratio of the vagina, bladder and kidney infections.
Because of the relationship between short urethra, bladder and kidney infections, relatively common occurrence in women. Urethral function is excreted in urine from the bladder.
When having sexual intercourse, the virus would be to promote women's urethra, so in the urine after sexual intercourse, the propagation of bacteria and urine before the body at the same time is very appropriate.
Diabetic patients with urine and vaginal secretion, contain a number of glucose, especially in blood glucose with a large number of circumstances. This situation will become the germs (bacteria and fungi) required for the perfect breeding source of nutrition.
If connecting the bladder's nerves are damaged, urine will not be discharged of all, the virus may be in the remaining urine in the breeding.
Bladder and kidney infection symptoms
Day and night to urinate frequently, less weight. Burning when urinating uncomfortable feeling or pain. Back pain is also the chance of kidney infection symptoms.
Bladder and kidney infections, is generally the same time. Oral antibiotics can be given effective treatment.
Diabetic kidney damage, is due to the kidney filtration system of small blood vessels, or to connect the system of small blood vessels from vascular changes. The process of no pain and can not be found, including the doctor for medical checks.
In any case, early detection of kidney damage is possible. It is to pass the test leak into the urine from the kidney in a protein called ALBUMIN weight. Method is used in the laboratory to test a special test strip.
If found to have kidney damage, a number of ACE inhibitor hypertension Pharmacy, will help protect the kidneys of diabetic avoid more damage.
Patients with diabetic nephropathy on the impact of
Have diabetes than people without diabetes, have a higher ratio of the vagina, bladder and kidney infections.
Because of the relationship between short urethra, bladder and kidney infections, relatively common occurrence in women. Urethral function is excreted in urine from the bladder.
When having sexual intercourse, the virus would be to promote women's urethra, so in the urine after sexual intercourse, the propagation of bacteria and urine before the body at the same time is very appropriate.
Diabetic patients with urine and vaginal secretion, contain a number of glucose, especially in blood glucose with a large number of circumstances. This situation will become the germs (bacteria and fungi) required for the perfect breeding source of nutrition.
If connecting the bladder's nerves are damaged, urine will not be discharged of all, the virus may be in the remaining urine in the breeding.
Bladder and kidney infection symptoms
Day and night to urinate frequently, less weight. Burning when urinating uncomfortable feeling or pain. Back pain is also the chance of kidney infection symptoms.
Bladder and kidney infections, is generally the same time. Oral antibiotics can be given effective treatment.
Basically divided into four categories of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and other types.
Basically divided into four categories of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and other types.
Type 1 diabetes: also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes, prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Also known as young-onset diabetes because it often in the 35-year-old previously disease, diabetes accounted for 10%. Type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin treatment, that is to say from the onset patients beginning to use insulin therapy, and life-long use. The reason is that patients with type 1 diabetes produce insulin, the body cells of the pancreas has been completely damaged, thus completely lost the function to produce insulin. Absolute lack of insulin in the body of the circumstances, will cause blood sugar level continues to rise, there diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes: also known as adult-onset diabetes, more than 35 ~ 40-year-old after the incidence, accounting for more than 90% of patients with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes patients the ability to produce insulin, the body is not completely lost, and some patients might even have too much insulin, but the effect of insulin is greatly reduced, so the patient is a relative lack of insulin. Some oral drugs can stimulate insulin secretion in vivo. However, some patients still need the latter as type 1 diabetes as insulin therapy conducted.
Gestational diabetes: is defined as pregnancy or the first time found that the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance of the disease, the incidence rate was 0.15% -12.3%, easily give rise to macrosomia, fetal distress, intrauterine fetal death, neonatal respiratory distress prone integrated Levy, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, erythrocytosis and low serum calcium and so on.
Type 1 diabetes: also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes, prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Also known as young-onset diabetes because it often in the 35-year-old previously disease, diabetes accounted for 10%. Type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin treatment, that is to say from the onset patients beginning to use insulin therapy, and life-long use. The reason is that patients with type 1 diabetes produce insulin, the body cells of the pancreas has been completely damaged, thus completely lost the function to produce insulin. Absolute lack of insulin in the body of the circumstances, will cause blood sugar level continues to rise, there diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes: also known as adult-onset diabetes, more than 35 ~ 40-year-old after the incidence, accounting for more than 90% of patients with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes patients the ability to produce insulin, the body is not completely lost, and some patients might even have too much insulin, but the effect of insulin is greatly reduced, so the patient is a relative lack of insulin. Some oral drugs can stimulate insulin secretion in vivo. However, some patients still need the latter as type 1 diabetes as insulin therapy conducted.
Gestational diabetes: is defined as pregnancy or the first time found that the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance of the disease, the incidence rate was 0.15% -12.3%, easily give rise to macrosomia, fetal distress, intrauterine fetal death, neonatal respiratory distress prone integrated Levy, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, erythrocytosis and low serum calcium and so on.
Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes conceptual distinction
Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes conceptual distinction
The cases of type 1 diabetes is the pancreas (located behind the stomach), resulting in a very big when they lose the function of insulin production. In the absence of insulin circumstances, the body cells can not use glucose as the body's energy requirements. Therefore, it is transferred to break down fat instead.
Type 2 diabetes cases are not normal body cells to absorb insulin (insulin resistance), to enable the glucose concentration in the blood.
Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes symptoms difference
General symptoms of type 1 diabetes are as follows:
Feeling constantly thirsty
Frequent urination, including bedwetting
Excessive hunger
Blurred vision
Unfounded weakness and fatigue
Weight decreased
Young girls have vaginal secretion or itching
Nausea and vomiting
General symptoms of type 2 diabetes are as follows:
Feeling tired
Frequent urination
Feeling constantly thirsty
Blurred vision
Itchy skin or genitals
Infected after the very slow recovery
Hand or foot numbness and tingling feeling
中文 > 英语 互换翻译
The cases of type 1 diabetes is the pancreas (located behind the stomach), resulting in a very big when they lose the function of insulin production. In the absence of insulin circumstances, the body cells can not use glucose as the body's energy requirements. Therefore, it is transferred to break down fat instead.
Type 2 diabetes cases are not normal body cells to absorb insulin (insulin resistance), to enable the glucose concentration in the blood.
Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes symptoms difference
General symptoms of type 1 diabetes are as follows:
Feeling constantly thirsty
Frequent urination, including bedwetting
Excessive hunger
Blurred vision
Unfounded weakness and fatigue
Weight decreased
Young girls have vaginal secretion or itching
Nausea and vomiting
General symptoms of type 2 diabetes are as follows:
Feeling tired
Frequent urination
Feeling constantly thirsty
Blurred vision
Itchy skin or genitals
Infected after the very slow recovery
Hand or foot numbness and tingling feeling
中文 > 英语 互换翻译
Insulin taken steps: To insulin needles inserted into the skin fast vertical to determine the majority of needles into the skin.
Insulin taken steps:
1. Wash your hands
2. Blending of insulin that can be used for blending different ways:
* Will be in two bottles of insulin in the palm of your hand gently rolling
* The insulin bottle upside down several times
* Gently shake the insulin bottle
3. If the opening of a new bottle, will橡皮塞on the protective layer removed, but it can not be opened橡皮塞.
4.橡皮塞graze cotton ball with alcohol.
5. Removed a syringe needle protection cap, push pull handle light, so that pushed the black handle signs Tatsu Su-needed injection of pancreatic scale, so that inhaled air pump needle.
6. To insulin needles inserted into the bottle and determine the needle in the bottle, push the handles soft reduction of air injected into the bottle.
7. To the bottom up, the next syringes and needles under the surface of insulin in the bottle in one hand a bottle in one hand syringes, light pull handle to make insulin gradually pushed into the needle, the injection volume up to the required scale units线.
8. Should make is to ensure that no air bubbles into the syringes. If so, re-pumping insulin.
9. The needle from the bottle out again with you to determine the necessary dose of insulin injection line.
10. Will protect cover sets in the needle, and then be on the table.
Insulin injections steps:
1. Select the injection site.
2. With the injection site skin disinfection tampons.
3. To insulin needles inserted into the skin fast vertical to determine the majority of needles into the skin.
4. Stalk slowly pushing to inject insulin.
5. Quick pull-out needles, cotton balls worked with soft reduction at the injection site, without friction.
1. Wash your hands
2. Blending of insulin that can be used for blending different ways:
* Will be in two bottles of insulin in the palm of your hand gently rolling
* The insulin bottle upside down several times
* Gently shake the insulin bottle
3. If the opening of a new bottle, will橡皮塞on the protective layer removed, but it can not be opened橡皮塞.
4.橡皮塞graze cotton ball with alcohol.
5. Removed a syringe needle protection cap, push pull handle light, so that pushed the black handle signs Tatsu Su-needed injection of pancreatic scale, so that inhaled air pump needle.
6. To insulin needles inserted into the bottle and determine the needle in the bottle, push the handles soft reduction of air injected into the bottle.
7. To the bottom up, the next syringes and needles under the surface of insulin in the bottle in one hand a bottle in one hand syringes, light pull handle to make insulin gradually pushed into the needle, the injection volume up to the required scale units线.
8. Should make is to ensure that no air bubbles into the syringes. If so, re-pumping insulin.
9. The needle from the bottle out again with you to determine the necessary dose of insulin injection line.
10. Will protect cover sets in the needle, and then be on the table.
Insulin injections steps:
1. Select the injection site.
2. With the injection site skin disinfection tampons.
3. To insulin needles inserted into the skin fast vertical to determine the majority of needles into the skin.
4. Stalk slowly pushing to inject insulin.
5. Quick pull-out needles, cotton balls worked with soft reduction at the injection site, without friction.
Insulin enables glucose in the blood to enter body cells, such as muscle cells, the supply of energy they need.
Insulin enables glucose in the blood to enter body cells, such as muscle cells, the supply of energy they need.
Diabetes cases are stolen goods pancreas can not produce enough insulin and the inability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
In the above circumstances, the body needs to help, it may be necessary to administer insulin. Pharmacy containing insulin can reduce blood glucose levels.
Using insulin need to remember when the main issues
Pharmacy types of insulin and daily weight.
Drug most effective time and how long.
Regular injections and time consuming.
Diabetes cases are stolen goods pancreas can not produce enough insulin and the inability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
In the above circumstances, the body needs to help, it may be necessary to administer insulin. Pharmacy containing insulin can reduce blood glucose levels.
Using insulin need to remember when the main issues
Pharmacy types of insulin and daily weight.
Drug most effective time and how long.
Regular injections and time consuming.
Glucose Oxidase glucose Principle
Glucose Oxidase glucose Principle
Glucose in the role of glucose oxidase produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide in the role of peroxisome make o-toluidine blue generated material, the non-ferrous material in the 625nm wavelength is proportional with the glucose concentration. Blue substance by measuring absorbance Computable glucose content in the samples. Glucose oxidase (glucose oxidase, GOD) the use of oxygen and water to glucose oxidase for gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide release. Peroxidase (peroxidase, POD) in the color receptors iatrogenic oxygen presence of hydrogen peroxide will be decomposed into water and oxygen, and oxygen receptors iatrogenic color 4 - aminoantipyrine and phenol red condensation dehydro benzoquinones that Trinder reaction. Red benzoquinones generation is directly proportional to the volume and glucose content.
Glucose Oxidase glucose Notes
1) GOD high specific catalytic β-D-glucose, glucose and serum α and β configuration of each 36% and 64%, complete response to glucose, the need to α-glucose mutarotation to β configuration. (Solution: change in the reagents containing helicase mutarotation process to accelerate or extend the incubation time)
2) Peroxidase specific far below GOD, uric acid, vitamin C, bilirubin, hemoglobin, tetracycline, etc. H2O2 competition with the original color receptors, thereby inhibiting the colorimetric reaction, so that determination of the value of low blood sugar.
Glucose in the role of glucose oxidase produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide in the role of peroxisome make o-toluidine blue generated material, the non-ferrous material in the 625nm wavelength is proportional with the glucose concentration. Blue substance by measuring absorbance Computable glucose content in the samples. Glucose oxidase (glucose oxidase, GOD) the use of oxygen and water to glucose oxidase for gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide release. Peroxidase (peroxidase, POD) in the color receptors iatrogenic oxygen presence of hydrogen peroxide will be decomposed into water and oxygen, and oxygen receptors iatrogenic color 4 - aminoantipyrine and phenol red condensation dehydro benzoquinones that Trinder reaction. Red benzoquinones generation is directly proportional to the volume and glucose content.
Glucose Oxidase glucose Notes
1) GOD high specific catalytic β-D-glucose, glucose and serum α and β configuration of each 36% and 64%, complete response to glucose, the need to α-glucose mutarotation to β configuration. (Solution: change in the reagents containing helicase mutarotation process to accelerate or extend the incubation time)
2) Peroxidase specific far below GOD, uric acid, vitamin C, bilirubin, hemoglobin, tetracycline, etc. H2O2 competition with the original color receptors, thereby inhibiting the colorimetric reaction, so that determination of the value of low blood sugar.
Many of the complications of diabetes, sexual dysfunction is one of them.
Many of the complications of diabetes, sexual dysfunction is one of them.
Male diabetic patients the incidence of impotence as high as 40% ~ 60%, with symptoms of the disease gradually increase heavier. Initially patients have normal sexual desire, and there can ejaculation orgasm, penile erection is not only the symptoms of Kennedy. With the extension of duration of diabetes, can gradually develop into complete impotence. About 1% ~ 2% in diabetic patients逆行射精will happen, that is the height of semen from the urethral injection mouth, but counter-current to the bladder, which dominated the patient's autonomic bladder neck damage, and ejaculation in the closing hours of this should be state into an open bladder neck.
Early women with diabetes can still exist when the sexual desire, sexual excitement phase of the normal vaginal lubrication degrees, but more see丧失者orgasm. Course of the elderly as a result of severe neuropathy, in addition to vaginal dryness, and so prone to vaginitis can lead to difficulties in sexual intercourse.
Diabetes led to sexual dysfunction has not yet fully understand the mechanism, but most physicians are more inclined to agree that:
First, diabetes easily lead to atherosclerosis. When the penis and vagina of atherosclerosis, etc., the diameter narrowing for the sharp drop in blood, do not have enough blood to enter the sex organ and easy to cause penile erection is not Kennedy or erectile unsustainable; or vaginal wall exudate reduced, leading to vaginal dryness , caused by sexual intercourse pain; or vaginal secretion reduced vaginal self-cleaning function, high incidence of vaginal infection, sexual prejudice.
Second, as a result of insufficient insulin secretion and metabolic disorders resulting from degenerative diseases affecting the peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system function, the control of the lower genital nerve function, so that male penile erectile difficulty, women reduced the sensitivity of the vagina.
Third, systemic metabolic disorders, malnutrition, so that the output of sex hormones decrease in sexual function it has lost momentum.
Therefore, diabetic patients sexual dysfunction should realize that this is caused by the disease, only by controlling the diet, such as lowering blood glucose comprehensive treatment measures to control the disease diabetes, sexual function in order to prevent further into recession. In addition, according to the types of sexual dysfunction to take corresponding to the treatment and, where appropriate, to participate in physical exercise to enhance physical fitness, improve sexual function.
Warm Tip: diabetes who can engage in normal sexual life, has a heavier complications, especially heart, brain and kidney damage, the sex life should not be excessive, inappropriate emotional excitement.
1. Male impotence can be a symptom of diabetes compared to the earlier one. Hence the phenomenon of male erectile dysfunction, diabetes should carry out the inspection, if confirmed with diabetes, they should be actively treated carefully controlled diet, regular use of hypoglycemic drugs. Diabetes under control, the anti-impotence symptoms also be improved. If, after treatment, diabetes has been brought under control and sexual desire has yet to resume, may be related to the spirit of factors, this time with his wife and comfort should be given to alleviate the anxiety of patients. Too long course of disease such as diabetes, impotence is organic (not only in sexual intercourse, that is, in the early morning when the phenomenon of non-penile erection) should go to the hospital detailed inspections to deal with illness. Organic impotence may be surgical implants penile prosthesis to achieve the purpose of sexual life.
2. Diabetic women should also be actively treatment of diabetes, when the disease under control after the sexual dysfunction may also improve. At the same time must be reasonable application of drugs, a thorough treatment of vaginitis. Appear atrophic vaginitis female patients with oral estrogen may be appropriate, such as Nylestriol films and so on can also be used vaginal lubricants.
3. If the pregnant diabetic women, we must go to the hospital asked the doctors to a comprehensive, detailed pre-pregnancy and prenatal care to understand the gravity of the current diabetes to determine whether the timing of pregnancy and childbirth, and so on. If pregnant women with diabetic kidney disease, coronary atherosclerosis, fundus when proliferative retinopathy should be early for abortion to pregnancy; if accompanied by high blood pressure, the best to the termination of pregnancy, so as not to affect the health of mother and son.
Male diabetic patients the incidence of impotence as high as 40% ~ 60%, with symptoms of the disease gradually increase heavier. Initially patients have normal sexual desire, and there can ejaculation orgasm, penile erection is not only the symptoms of Kennedy. With the extension of duration of diabetes, can gradually develop into complete impotence. About 1% ~ 2% in diabetic patients逆行射精will happen, that is the height of semen from the urethral injection mouth, but counter-current to the bladder, which dominated the patient's autonomic bladder neck damage, and ejaculation in the closing hours of this should be state into an open bladder neck.
Early women with diabetes can still exist when the sexual desire, sexual excitement phase of the normal vaginal lubrication degrees, but more see丧失者orgasm. Course of the elderly as a result of severe neuropathy, in addition to vaginal dryness, and so prone to vaginitis can lead to difficulties in sexual intercourse.
Diabetes led to sexual dysfunction has not yet fully understand the mechanism, but most physicians are more inclined to agree that:
First, diabetes easily lead to atherosclerosis. When the penis and vagina of atherosclerosis, etc., the diameter narrowing for the sharp drop in blood, do not have enough blood to enter the sex organ and easy to cause penile erection is not Kennedy or erectile unsustainable; or vaginal wall exudate reduced, leading to vaginal dryness , caused by sexual intercourse pain; or vaginal secretion reduced vaginal self-cleaning function, high incidence of vaginal infection, sexual prejudice.
Second, as a result of insufficient insulin secretion and metabolic disorders resulting from degenerative diseases affecting the peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system function, the control of the lower genital nerve function, so that male penile erectile difficulty, women reduced the sensitivity of the vagina.
Third, systemic metabolic disorders, malnutrition, so that the output of sex hormones decrease in sexual function it has lost momentum.
Therefore, diabetic patients sexual dysfunction should realize that this is caused by the disease, only by controlling the diet, such as lowering blood glucose comprehensive treatment measures to control the disease diabetes, sexual function in order to prevent further into recession. In addition, according to the types of sexual dysfunction to take corresponding to the treatment and, where appropriate, to participate in physical exercise to enhance physical fitness, improve sexual function.
Warm Tip: diabetes who can engage in normal sexual life, has a heavier complications, especially heart, brain and kidney damage, the sex life should not be excessive, inappropriate emotional excitement.
1. Male impotence can be a symptom of diabetes compared to the earlier one. Hence the phenomenon of male erectile dysfunction, diabetes should carry out the inspection, if confirmed with diabetes, they should be actively treated carefully controlled diet, regular use of hypoglycemic drugs. Diabetes under control, the anti-impotence symptoms also be improved. If, after treatment, diabetes has been brought under control and sexual desire has yet to resume, may be related to the spirit of factors, this time with his wife and comfort should be given to alleviate the anxiety of patients. Too long course of disease such as diabetes, impotence is organic (not only in sexual intercourse, that is, in the early morning when the phenomenon of non-penile erection) should go to the hospital detailed inspections to deal with illness. Organic impotence may be surgical implants penile prosthesis to achieve the purpose of sexual life.
2. Diabetic women should also be actively treatment of diabetes, when the disease under control after the sexual dysfunction may also improve. At the same time must be reasonable application of drugs, a thorough treatment of vaginitis. Appear atrophic vaginitis female patients with oral estrogen may be appropriate, such as Nylestriol films and so on can also be used vaginal lubricants.
3. If the pregnant diabetic women, we must go to the hospital asked the doctors to a comprehensive, detailed pre-pregnancy and prenatal care to understand the gravity of the current diabetes to determine whether the timing of pregnancy and childbirth, and so on. If pregnant women with diabetic kidney disease, coronary atherosclerosis, fundus when proliferative retinopathy should be early for abortion to pregnancy; if accompanied by high blood pressure, the best to the termination of pregnancy, so as not to affect the health of mother and son.
Type 2 diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes, more than 35 ~ 40-year-old after the incidence, accounting for more than 90% of patients with dia
Type 2 diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes, more than 35 ~ 40-year-old after the incidence, accounting for more than 90% of patients with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes patients the ability to produce insulin, the body is not completely lost, and some patients might even have too much insulin, but the effect of insulin is greatly reduced, so the patient is a relative lack of insulin. Some oral drugs can stimulate insulin secretion in vivo. However, some patients still need the latter as type 1 diabetes as insulin therapy conducted.
Part of type 2 diabetes in patients with insulin resistance mainly obese patients due to insulin resistance, decreased insulin sensitivity, blood insulin increased to compensate for their insulin resistance, but relatively patient's high blood sugar is concerned, is still relatively insufficient insulin secretion. No early symptoms of such patients, often before a clear diagnosis can be a major blood vessels and microvascular complications. Diet therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents and more effective. Another part of the patient to the main deficiencies in insulin secretion, clinical need to add exogenous insulin.
The characteristics of type 2 diabetes
1.2-prone diabetes in adults, mostly middle-aged and elderly in particular. Epidemiological data indicate that the incidence of type 2 diabetes aged more than 40 ~ 60 years old, started from the 40-year-old diabetes prevalence rate was gradually increased, the elderly at the age of 60, reached the climax.
2.2 diabetic condition is generally more relaxed, and hidden, longer course, the typical symptoms of diabetes (a little more than three, etc.) less.
3.2 diabetes patients have a family history, personal history of obesity.
4.2 diabetes patients often do not need to rely on the use of insulin to sustain life. However, if the use of oral hypoglycemic agents are not satisfied with the glycemic control, or because of acute or chronic complications arise, but also need to use insulin.
Part of type 2 diabetes in patients with insulin resistance mainly obese patients due to insulin resistance, decreased insulin sensitivity, blood insulin increased to compensate for their insulin resistance, but relatively patient's high blood sugar is concerned, is still relatively insufficient insulin secretion. No early symptoms of such patients, often before a clear diagnosis can be a major blood vessels and microvascular complications. Diet therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents and more effective. Another part of the patient to the main deficiencies in insulin secretion, clinical need to add exogenous insulin.
The characteristics of type 2 diabetes
1.2-prone diabetes in adults, mostly middle-aged and elderly in particular. Epidemiological data indicate that the incidence of type 2 diabetes aged more than 40 ~ 60 years old, started from the 40-year-old diabetes prevalence rate was gradually increased, the elderly at the age of 60, reached the climax.
2.2 diabetic condition is generally more relaxed, and hidden, longer course, the typical symptoms of diabetes (a little more than three, etc.) less.
3.2 diabetes patients have a family history, personal history of obesity.
4.2 diabetes patients often do not need to rely on the use of insulin to sustain life. However, if the use of oral hypoglycemic agents are not satisfied with the glycemic control, or because of acute or chronic complications arise, but also need to use insulin.
Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes, prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Also known as yo
The concept of type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes, prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Also known as young-onset diabetes because it often in the 35-year-old previously disease, diabetes accounted for 10%. Type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin treatment, that is to say from the onset patients beginning to use insulin therapy, and life-long use. The reason is that patients with type 1 diabetes produce insulin, the body cells of the pancreas has been completely damaged, thus completely lost the function to produce insulin. Absolute lack of insulin in the body of the circumstances, will cause blood sugar level continues to rise, there diabetes.
The causes of type 1 diabetes
Own immune system deficiencies: Because patients with type 1 diabetes in the blood can be found a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (gad antibody), islet cell antibody (ica antibody) and so on. These abnormal antibodies can damage the body's own insulin secretion of insulin b cells, so that normal secretion of insulin.
Genetic factors: the current study suggests genetic defects is the incidence of type 1 diabetes foundation, the performance of such genetic defects in the sixth chromosome abnormalities on HLA antigen. Scientists Tip: type 1 diabetes have a familial incidence of the characteristics - If your parents have diabetes, then with no family history than you more susceptible to the disease.
HIV infection may be an incentive: Perhaps you surprised that many scientists suspect that the virus can also cause i diabetes. This is because i diabetes patients over a period of time before the virus infection is often too, but i diabetes "epidemic", often occur in the virus after the pandemic. Viruses, such as those that cause mumps and rubella virus can cause polio and Coxsackie virus family, can play a role i diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes, prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Also known as young-onset diabetes because it often in the 35-year-old previously disease, diabetes accounted for 10%. Type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin treatment, that is to say from the onset patients beginning to use insulin therapy, and life-long use. The reason is that patients with type 1 diabetes produce insulin, the body cells of the pancreas has been completely damaged, thus completely lost the function to produce insulin. Absolute lack of insulin in the body of the circumstances, will cause blood sugar level continues to rise, there diabetes.
The causes of type 1 diabetes
Own immune system deficiencies: Because patients with type 1 diabetes in the blood can be found a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (gad antibody), islet cell antibody (ica antibody) and so on. These abnormal antibodies can damage the body's own insulin secretion of insulin b cells, so that normal secretion of insulin.
Genetic factors: the current study suggests genetic defects is the incidence of type 1 diabetes foundation, the performance of such genetic defects in the sixth chromosome abnormalities on HLA antigen. Scientists Tip: type 1 diabetes have a familial incidence of the characteristics - If your parents have diabetes, then with no family history than you more susceptible to the disease.
HIV infection may be an incentive: Perhaps you surprised that many scientists suspect that the virus can also cause i diabetes. This is because i diabetes patients over a period of time before the virus infection is often too, but i diabetes "epidemic", often occur in the virus after the pandemic. Viruses, such as those that cause mumps and rubella virus can cause polio and Coxsackie virus family, can play a role i diabetes.
Insulin is the body of pancreatic β-cell secretion of the body the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the tissues around the body
The concept of insulin
Insulin is the body of pancreatic β-cell secretion of the body the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the tissues around the body less sensitive to insulin, organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations such as muscle, fat to insulin to promote the role of glucose uptake occurred in the resistance.
The physiological role of insulin
Insulin is the body's hormone only lowering blood glucose and only at the same time promote glycogen, fat, protein synthesis of the hormone. Mechanism mechanisms are receptor tyrosine kinase. There is regulation of glucose metabolism, regulation of fat metabolism, protein metabolism, such as the role of regulator.
Factors that affect insulin secretion
(1) blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion of the most important factor. Oral or intravenous glucose, the insulin release was two-phase reaction. Early rapid phase, the portal vein plasma insulin that is, within two minutes in the highest value, then decreased rapidly; delay in the slow-phase, 10 minutes after the plasma insulin level has been edging higher, has continued for more than one hours. Early rapid phase shows stored glucose to insulin release, the delay shows that the slow-phase synthesis of insulin and proinsulin changing insulin.
(2) eat more food containing protein, the blood concentration of amino acids increased, also increased insulin secretion. Arginine, lysine, leucine and phenylalanine have a strong role to stimulate insulin secretion.
(3) after meals to increase gastrointestinal hormone could promote insulin secretion, such as gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide are stimulated insulin secretion.
(4) freedom of nerve function could affect the secretion of insulin. Stimulation of vagus nerve to promote insulin secretion; sympathetic excited when inhibit insulin secretion.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
Insulin is the body of pancreatic β-cell secretion of the body the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the tissues around the body less sensitive to insulin, organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations such as muscle, fat to insulin to promote the role of glucose uptake occurred in the resistance.
The physiological role of insulin
Insulin is the body's hormone only lowering blood glucose and only at the same time promote glycogen, fat, protein synthesis of the hormone. Mechanism mechanisms are receptor tyrosine kinase. There is regulation of glucose metabolism, regulation of fat metabolism, protein metabolism, such as the role of regulator.
Factors that affect insulin secretion
(1) blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion of the most important factor. Oral or intravenous glucose, the insulin release was two-phase reaction. Early rapid phase, the portal vein plasma insulin that is, within two minutes in the highest value, then decreased rapidly; delay in the slow-phase, 10 minutes after the plasma insulin level has been edging higher, has continued for more than one hours. Early rapid phase shows stored glucose to insulin release, the delay shows that the slow-phase synthesis of insulin and proinsulin changing insulin.
(2) eat more food containing protein, the blood concentration of amino acids increased, also increased insulin secretion. Arginine, lysine, leucine and phenylalanine have a strong role to stimulate insulin secretion.
(3) after meals to increase gastrointestinal hormone could promote insulin secretion, such as gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide are stimulated insulin secretion.
(4) freedom of nerve function could affect the secretion of insulin. Stimulation of vagus nerve to promote insulin secretion; sympathetic excited when inhibit insulin secretion.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. As people's living standards improved, the aging of the population, as well as the increase in th
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. As people's living standards improved, the aging of the population, as well as the increase in the incidence of obesity, diabetes and the incidence of positive year-on-year rise. Diabetes in China, the incidence of 2%, According to statistics, China has been diagnosed with diabetes up to 40 million and an annual rate of 1,000,000.
The concept of diabetes
Diabetes is the interaction of genetic and environmental factors caused by diseases, clinical to high blood sugar as the main indicator, common symptoms of a number of drinks, polyuria, and weight loss, such as more food. If diabetes is not an effective treatment, the body can cause multi-system damage. Caused by absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target tissue cells to insulin sensitivity decreased, caused by protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of high blood sugar as the main indicator. Typical clinical cases may be polyuria, polydipsia, and more food, weight loss, such as performance, that is "a little more than three" symptoms.
Classification of Diabetes
Sub-type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes. Which type 1 diabetes occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, and must rely on insulin treatment to sustain life. Type 2 diabetes was particularly prevalent in the 30-year-old in the future, the elderly, their insulin secretion is not low even the high side, the cause is mainly the body is not sensitive to insulin (ie insulin resistance).
Diabetes treatment
Diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise therapy premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugary foods, reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high fiber and starch food, eating to少食多餐. The choice of movement should be carried out under the guidance of doctors should be doing as much as possible the whole body movement, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis the application of the appropriate type of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar purposes.
The concept of diabetes
Diabetes is the interaction of genetic and environmental factors caused by diseases, clinical to high blood sugar as the main indicator, common symptoms of a number of drinks, polyuria, and weight loss, such as more food. If diabetes is not an effective treatment, the body can cause multi-system damage. Caused by absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target tissue cells to insulin sensitivity decreased, caused by protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of high blood sugar as the main indicator. Typical clinical cases may be polyuria, polydipsia, and more food, weight loss, such as performance, that is "a little more than three" symptoms.
Classification of Diabetes
Sub-type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes. Which type 1 diabetes occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, and must rely on insulin treatment to sustain life. Type 2 diabetes was particularly prevalent in the 30-year-old in the future, the elderly, their insulin secretion is not low even the high side, the cause is mainly the body is not sensitive to insulin (ie insulin resistance).
Diabetes treatment
Diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise therapy premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugary foods, reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high fiber and starch food, eating to少食多餐. The choice of movement should be carried out under the guidance of doctors should be doing as much as possible the whole body movement, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis the application of the appropriate type of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar purposes.
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